APPENDIX C

 

CONJUGATION

 

C0. THE GREEK VERB

 

C0.1 THE GREEK CONJUGATION SYSTEM 

 

C0.11 There are three conjugations in Greek (#10.12). Their distinctive features may be seen in the following table:

Conjugation:	FIRST	SECOND	THIRD
Feature:
Ending of lexical form:	-ω	-ω	-μι
Aspect morpheme for aorist active:	punctuliar morpheme -σα-	neutral morpheme -ο/ε-	no morpheme –  adds endings directly
Builds verb system upon:	present stem	aorist stem	aorist stem
Present stem requires a durative morpheme:	no	yes	yes
No. of verbs in the N.T. following this conjugation:	930	34	36

(counting each simplex verb and its compounds as a single verb)

 

C0.12 Numbers of the Second and Third Conjugation verbs have forms and flexions which follow the first Conjugation.

 

C0.13 For a discussion of these Conjugations, see #10.1 and #10.2.

 

C0.14 The Greek verb system in all its ramifications will be presented in full for the regular First Conjugation verb, λύω, for which there will be given a Paradigm Synopsis, setting out the first person singular form for all the flexions of the paradigm of λύω, followed by a Meaning Synopsis of the meanings of the various flexions. The other paradigms of the First Conjugation are then given, followed by the Second and Third Conjugations (#C2 and #C3), and sections discussing Verbs With Direct Flexions (#C4), and Verbs Which Add a Durative Aspect Morpheme (#C5). Finally a Conspectus is given for the three Conjugations (#C6), and details of Deponent Verbs (#C7), Irregular Verbs (#C8) and Verb Groups (#C9).

 

C0.15 The form from a flexion given in the Paradigm Synopsis (always the first person singular where it exists, but the second person singular for the imperative and the masculine nominative singular for the participle) is called the flexion form. It consists of the tense stem (see #10.2) and the pronoun suffix (see #2.76).

 

C0.2 PARADIGM SYNOPSIS OF THE GREEK VERB

(For explanations, see the Notes which follow in #0.3.)

ASPECT:		DURATIVE		PUNCTILIAR	PERFECTIVE
TIME:			FUTURE			(FUTURE)
TENSE:		PRESENT/IMPERFECT	FUTURE	AORIST	PRESENT PERFECT/ PLUPERFECT	FUTURE PERFECT
MODE:
Primary Indicative (6 each)	A M P	λύω λύομαι    *	λύσω λύσομαι λυθήσομαι	none	λέλυκα λελυκάμην   *	λελυκὼς ἔσομαι λελύσομαι   *
Secondary Indicative (6 each)	A M P	ἔλυον ἐλυόμην    *	none	ἔλυσα ἐλυσάμην ἐλύθην	ἐλελύκειν ἐλελύμην   *	none
Subjunctive (6 each)	A M P	λύω λύωμαι   *	none	λύσω λυσώμαι λυθῶ	λελυκὼς ὦ λελυμένος ὦ   *	none
Optative (6 each)	A M P	λύοιμι λυοίμην   *	λύσοιμι λυσοίμην λυθησοίμην	λύσαιμι λυσαίμην λυθησαίμην	λελυκὼς εἴη λελυμένος εἴη   *	lacking λελυσοίμην   ?
Imperative (4 each)	A M P	λύε λύου   *	none	λύσον λῦσαι λύθητι	λελυκὼς ἴσθι λέλυσο   *	none
Infinitive (1 each)	A M P	λύειν λύσεσθαι   *	λύσειν λύσεσθαι λυθήσεσθαι	λῦσαι λύσασθαι λυθῆναι	λελυκέναι λελύσθαι   *	lacking λελύσεσθαι   ?
Participle (24 each)	A M P	λύων λυόμενος   *	λύσων λυσόμενος λυθησόμενος	λύσας λυσάμενος λυθείς	λελυκώς λελύμενος   *	lacking
No. of forms in the column		106	·         111	·         141	·         106	·         43  =  507

 

C0.3 NOTES ON THE PARADIGM SYNOPSIS

 

C0.31 This Paradigm Synopsis shows the flexion form (the first person singular, apart from the imperative, where it is the second person singular, and the Participle, for which it is the masculine nominative singular) for all the possible flexions of a single Greek verb. Some categories do not exist at all, and these are indicated in the Synopsis by the word “none”. Some categories could exist, but are not found in Hellenistic literature, and are indicated by the word “lacking". Some of the verb forms illustrated in this Synopsis are not found in the New Testament but can occur in Hellenistic Greek. That is to say, they were available to the New Testament writers had they had occasion to use them. Other forms illustrated in the Synopsis are very rare in the New Testement (see section #C0.33).

 

C0.32 In the synopsis, A = Active, M = Middle, and P = Passive. Separate forms exist for the passive only in the Future and Aorist systems; in the Present and Perfect systems the middle forms are found used with passive meaning as well as being used with middle meaning. The places in the synopsis where a middle flexion is used with passive as well as middle meanings are indicated by *.

 

C0.33 Some forms were rare even in Classical times, primarily because the circumstances for their use would arise so infrequently. In Hellenistic times a number of categories had become virtually obsolete or, if used, usually had something of an archaic connotation. These were: The Optative Mode, the Future Perfect, the Perfect Imperative, and the Future Infinitive and Participle. Nonetheless, all these verb categories were available for use to the Hellenistic writer if he wished to call upon them. In fact some examples of forms from all of these categories are found in the pages of the New Testament, amounting to several dozen instances in all. Some forms, though possible, are so conjectural as to be omitted from the Synopsis — for example, such a form as the future perfect passive participle, which would be λελυθησομένος, if it were ever needed.

 

C0.34 The numbers that are given under the name of the Mode indicate the number of forms which there are in each of the flexions for which the flexion form has been given, and the totals for each aspect are given at the foot of each column. Ιt can be seen that the number of forms of each verb available to a Greek writer was 507. (It was greater still in Classical times, when a Dual number was in use for second and third person of each flexion, in addition to Singular and Plural. ) If one deducts the 107 forms in the rarely-used flexions (#C0.33), this leaves 400 forms in the frequently-used flexions of a verb — though in the nature of the case some of these would be used less frequently and others more frequently.

 

C0.35 Some verbs would not have any passive forms in consequence of their meaning (for example, φεύγω, I flee). Many verbs were defective, that is, they did not have a full range of flexions in use (and various verbs would of course be defective to varying degrees). There are seven verbs which are actually “verb sets”, where two or three defective verbs were used in no association, one supplying flexions which the other lacked. These are called suppletives (see #7.63 and #C2.8).

 

C0.36 In the Indicative Mode, the present, future, present perfect and future perfect tenses are called the Primary Tenses. They have in common that they do not refer to past time, and their similar pronoun suffixes in the middle flexions. The imperfect, aorist and pluperfect tenses are called the Secondary Tenses or Historic Tenses. They have in common that they do refer to past time, and their middle pronoun suffixes are similar to each other and differ in some forms from those of the Primary Tenses. The middle forms of the subjunctive have pronoun suffixes similar to those of the Primary Tenses, while those for the optative have pronoun suffixes similar to the Secondary Tenses.

 

C0.37 It should be noted that the Greek verb has four tense systems, one for each of the three aspects in Greek, durative, punctiliar, and perfective, and the fourth is the future system. Each of the three aspect tense systems has a Secondary Indicative or past time flexion (the Imperfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect), and two of the three have a Primary Indicative or present flexion (the Present and the Present Perfect). The aorist has no present or Primary Indicative form, but outside the Indicative Mode it indicates only punctiliar aspect and not past time (and accordingly it has no past time morpheme). The perfective aspect system also has future time flexions, the Future Perfect flexions, which are used in referring to something having been completed (and thus inaugurating a new state of affairs) at some time in the future. In the nature of the case, the occasions for the use of this tense are few.

 

C0.38 The future forms have no inherent aspect, but can be either durative or punctiliar - and this will be related to the lexical meaning of a particular verb, or, according to circumstances, indicated by the context in which a verb is used.

 

CO.4 MEANING SYNOPSIS OF THE GREEK VERB

 

C0.41 This Synopsis gives the nearest English approximation of the meaning of the flexion form of each of the Greek verb flexions, for most contexts.

 

C0.42 Some of these English renderings are cumbersome, to say the least, and are not necessarily intended to represent how that verb ought to be translated in English, but rather to give an approximation of the force of the Greek. The meaning of the less common, more difficult forms (including those like the optative, which have not been given in this Synopsis) is best grasped by noting them in the context where they occur at the time when they are encountered.

 

C0.43 INDICATIVE

	PRESENT		FUTURΕ
A	λύω	I am loosing	λύσω	I will loose/be loosing
M	λύομαι	I am loosing for myself	λύσομαι	I will loose/be loosing for myself
P	λύομαι	I am (being) loosed	λύσομαι	I will be loosed
	IMPERFECT		AORIST
A	ἔλυον	I was loosing	ἔλυσα	I loosed
M	ἐλυόμην	I was loosing for myself	ἐλυσάμην	I loosed for myself
P	ἐλυόμην	I was being loosed	ἐλύθην	I was loosed
	PRESENT PERFECT		FUTURE PERFECT
A	λέλυκα	I have loosed	λελυκὼς ἔσομαι	I will have loosed
M	λέλυμαι	I have loosed for myself	λελύσομαι	I will have loosed for myself
P	λέλυμαι	I have been loosed	λελύσομαι	I will have been loosed
	PLUPΕRFECT
A	(ἐ)λελύκειν	I had loosed
M	(ἐ)λελύμην	I had loosed for myself
P	(ἐ)λελύμην	I had been loosed

 

C0.44 SUBJUNCTIVE

	PRESENT (Durative)		AORIST (Punctiliar)
A	λύω	I would/might be loosing	λύσω	I would/might loose
M	λύωμαι	I would/might be loosing for myself	λύσωμαι	I would/might loose for myself
P	λύωμαι	I would/might be being loosed	λυθῶ	I would/might be loosed
	PRESENT PERFECT
A	λελυκὼς ὦ	I would/might have been loosing
M	λελυμένος ὦ	I would/might have been loosing for myself
P	λελυμένος ὦ	I would/might have been loosed

 

C0.45 IMPERATIVE

	PRESENT (Durative)		AORIST (Punctiliar)
A	λῦε	loose!	λῦσον	loose !
M	λύου	loose for yourself!	λῦσαι	loose for yourself!
P	λύου	be loosed!	λύθητι	be loosed!
	PRESENT PERFECT
A	λελυκὼς ἴσθι	be having been loosing!
M	λέλυσο	be having been loosing for yourself!
P	λέλυσο	be having been loosed!

 

C0.46 INFINITIVE

	PRESENT (Durative)		FUTURE
A	λύειν	to be loosing	λύσειν	to be about to loose
M	λύεσθαι	to be loosing for oneself	λύσεσθαι	to be about to loose for oneself
P	λύεσθαι	to be being loosed	λυθήσεσθαι	to be about to be loosed
	PRESENT PERFECT		AORIST (Punctiliar)
A	λελυκέναι	to have loosed	λῦσαι	to loose
M	λελύσθαι	to have loosed for oneself	λύσασθαι	to loose for oneself
P	λελύσθαι	to have been loosed	λυθῆναι	to be loosed

 

C0.47 PARTICIPLE

	PRESENT (Durative)		FUTURE
A	λύων	(while) loosing	λύσων	being about to loose
M	λυόμενος	(while) loosing for oneself	λυσόμενος	being about to loose for oneself
P	λυόμενος	(while being) loosed	λυθησόμενος	being about to be loosed
	PRESENT PERFECT		AORIST (Punctiliar)
A	λελυκώς	having loosed	λύσας	having loosed/after loosing
M	λελυμένος	having loosed for oneself	λυσάμενος	having loosed/after loosing for oneself
P	λελυμένος	having been loosed	λυθείς	having been loosed/after being loosed

 

C1. THE FIRST CONJUGATION

There are nine paradigms of the First Conjugation.

 

C1.1 LONG VOWEL STEM PARADIGM (λύω l loose, untie, release)

 

The Principal Parts for λύω are: λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην

 

This paradigm is followed by approximately 100 New Testament verbs (70 of which end in -ευ).

 

C1.11 ACTIVE:

	PRESENT	FUTURE	AORIST	PERFECT
INDICATIVE
S1	λύω	λύσω	none	λέλυκα
2	λύεις	λύσεις		λέλυκας
3	λύει	λύσει		λέλυκε(ν)
P1	λύομεν	λύσομεν
2	λύετε	λύσετε		λελύκατε
3	λύουσι(ν)	λύσουσι(ν)		λελύκασι(ν)
	Imperfect			Pluperfect
S1	ἔλυον	none	ἔλυσα	(ἐ)λελύκειν
2	ἔλυες		ἔλυσας	(ἐ)λελύκεις
3	ἔλυε(ν)		ἔλυσε(ν)	(ἐ)λελύκει
P1	ἐλύομεν		ἐλύσαμεν	(ἐ)λελύκειμεν
2	ἐλύετε		ἐλύσατε	(ἐ)λελύκειτε
3	ἔλυον		ἔλυσαν	(ἐ)λελύκεισαν
SUBJUNCTIVE
S1	λύω	none	λύσω	λελυκὼς ὦ
2	λύῃς		λύσῃς	λελυκὼς ἦς
3	λύῃ		λύσῃ	λελυκὼς ᾖ
P1	λύωμεν		λύσωμεν	λελυκότες ὦμεν
2	λύητε		λύσητε	λελυκότες ἦτε
3	λύωσι(ν)		λύσωσι(ν)	λελυκότες ὦσι(ν)
OPTATIVE
S1	λύοιμι	λύσοιμι	λύσαιμι	λελυκὼς εἴην
2	λύοις	(No forms	λύσαις	(No forms
3	λύοι	occur	λύσαι	occur
P1	λύοιμεν	in the	λύσαιμεν	in the
2	λύοιτε	New	λύσαιτε	New
3	λύοιεν	Testament)	λύσαιεν	Testament)
IMPΕRATIVE
S2	λῦε	none	λῦσον	λελυκὼς ἴσθι
3	λυέτω		λυσάτω	(No forms occur
P2	λύετε		λύσατε	in the New
3	λυέτωσαν		λυσάτωσαν	Testament)
INFINITIVE
	λύειν	λύσειν	λῦσαι	λελυκέναι
PARTICIPLE
NomS M	λύων	λύσων	λύσας	λελυκώς
F	λύουσα	λύσουσα	λύσασα	λελυκυῖα
N	λῦον	λῦσον	λύσαν	λελυκός
Gen S M/N	λύοντος	λύσοντος	λύσαντος	λελυκότος

 

C1.12 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE:

	PRESENT	FUTURE		AORIST		PERFECT
	MIDDLE & PASSIVE	MIDDLE	PASSIVE	MIDDLE	PASSIVE	MIDDLE & PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
S1	λύομαι	λύσομαι	λυθήσομαι			λέλυμαι
2	λύῃ	λυσῃ	λυθήσῃ			λέλυσαι
3	λύεται	λύσεται	λυθήσεται			λἐλυται
Pl	λυόμεθα	λυσόμεθα	λυθησόμεθα			λελύμεθα
2	λύεσθε	λύσεσθε	λυθήσεσθε			λέλυσθε
3	λύονται	λύσονται	λυθήσονται			λέλυνται
Imperfect						Pluperfect
S1	ἐλυόμην	none	none	ἐλυσάμην	ἐλύθην	(ἐ)λελύμην
2	ἐλύου			ἐλύσω	ἐλύθης	(ἐ)λέλυσο
3	ἐλύετο			ἐλύσατο	ἐλύθη	(ἐ)λέλυτο
P1	ἐλυόμεθα			ἐλυσάμεθα	ἐλύθημεν	(ἐ)λελύμεθα
2	ἐλύεσθε			ἐλύσασθε	ἐλύθητε	(ἐ)λέλυσθε
3	ἐλύοντο			ἐλύσαντο	ἐλύθησαν	(ἐ)λέλυντο
SUBJUNCTIVE
S1	λύωμαι	none	none			λελυμένος ὦ
2	λύῃ					λελυμένος ἦς
3	λύηται					λελυμένος ᾖ
Pl	λυώμεθα					λελυμένοι ὦμεν
2	λύησθε					λελυμένοι ἦτε
3	λύωνται					λελυμένοι ὦσιν
OPTATIVE
Sl	λυοίμην	λυσοίμην	λυθησοίμην	λυσαίμην	λυθείην
2	λύοιο	(No forms	(No forms	λυσαιο	λυθείης	(No forms
3	λύοιτο	occur	occur	λύσαιτο	λυθείη	occur
Pl	λυοίμεθα	in the	in the	ἐλυσαίμεθα	λυθείημεν	in the
2	λύοισθε	New	New	λύσασθε	λυθείητε	New
3	λύοιντο	Testament)		λύσαιντο	λυθείησαν	Testament)
IMPERATIVE
S2	λύου	none	none	λῦσαι	λύθητι	λέλυσο
3	λυέσθω			λυσάσθω	λυθήτω	λελύσθω
P2	λύεσθε			λύσασθε	λύθητε	λελύσθωσαν
3	λυέσθωσαν			λυσάσθωσαν	λυθήτωσαν	λελύσθωσαν
S2	λύου
INFINITIVE
	λύεσθαι	λύσεσθαι	λυθήσεσθαι	λύσασθαι	λυθῆναι	λελύσθαι
PARTICIPLE
NS M	λυόμενος	λυσόμενος	λυθησόμενος	λυσάμενος	λυθείς	λελυμένος
F	λυομένη	λυσομένη	λυθησομένη	λυσαμένη	λυθεῖσα	λελυμένη
Ν	λυόμενον	λυσόμενον	λυθησόμενον	λυσάμενον	λυθέν	λελυμένον
GSM/N	λυομένου	λυσομένου	λυθησομένου	λυσαμένου	λυθέντος	λελυμένου

 

C1.13 For many of the forms given in this paradigm, variant forms will be encountered in the New Testament at times. When these occur in the Greek text, they will usually be mentioned in commentaries or grammatical analyses on the text. They can be noted when encountered, but there is no need to give all these possible variant forms in the standard paradigm.

 

C1.14 It will be noticed that the augment on the forms in the two pluperfect flexions (for Active and Middle-Passive) is placed in brackets. This augment is "correct" in that the pluperfect is a past tense and therefore "should" have the augment, but because the pluperfect forms are adequately identifiable by reduplication, the pluperfect active specifier (-ει-) in Slot 8, and distinctive endings, the augment was often omitted by Greek authors when they used the pluperfect.

 

C1.2 SHORT VOWEL STEM IN -α (τιμάω, I honour)

 

C1.21 The Principal Parts for τιμάω are:

 

τιμάω, τιμήσω, ἐτίμησα, τετίμηκα, (τετίμημαι), ἐτιμήθην

 

C1.22 In those flexions where the neutral morpheme is added to the stem (that is, in all flexions of the durative aspect), the short -α of the stem contracts with the -ε- to give long -α- (and with -ει- to give -ᾳ-); with the -ο- (and -ω- and -ου-) to give -ω-. There are 78 New Testament verbs which follow this paradigm.

 

C1.3 SHORT VOWEL STEM IN -ε (λαλέω, I speak, chat, converse)

 

C1.31 The Principal Parts for λαλέω are:

λαλέω, λαλήσω, ἐλάλησα, λελάληκα, λελάλημαι, ἐλαλήθην

 

C1.32 In all flexions of the durative aspect, the short -ε of the stem contracts with neutral morpheme -ε- to give -ει-, with -ο- to give -ου-, and is absorbed into a long vowel/diphthong. There are 235 New Testament verbs which follow this paradigm.

 

C1.4 SHORT VOWEL STEM IN -ο (πληρόω, I fulfil, make come true, accomplish)

 

C1.41 The Principal Parts for πληρόω are:

 

πληρόω, πληρώσω, ἐπλήρωσα, πεπλήρωκα, πεπλήρωμαι, ἐπληρώθην

 

C1.42 In all flexions of the durative aspect, the short -ο of the stem contracts with -ε- or -ο- to give -ου-, with -η- to give -ω-, with -ει- or -ῃ- to give -οι-, and is absorbed into -ω- and -ου-.

There are 91 New Testament verbs which follow this paradigm.

 

C1.43 There are two apparent exceptions to the above contraction rules for these verbs: for τιμάω and πληρόω in the active infinitive, when taking the -ειν infinitive ending (as in λύειν). But in fact the infinitive ending was originally -σεν, from which the -σ- was lost by syncopation (#E2.5) between two vowels. The process was:

 

τιμά-ε-σεν contracts to τιμᾶ-σεν, thence τιμᾶ-εν, and finally τιμᾶν

πληρό-ε-σεν contracts to πληροῦ-σεν, thence πληροῦ-εν, and finally πληροῦν

 

C1.44 Because short vowel stem verbs contract in the durative flexions, they are frequently referred to as contracted or contract verbs.

 

C1.45 The following conspectus gives the contracted form of each paradigm verb, and then in brackets shows the short vowel and ending which have contracted together. The New Testament does not contain any form of the optative of a contract verb, so the optative is not given in this paradigm conspectus.

 

DURATIVE ACTIVE:

	C1.2 τιμάω		C1.3 λαλέω		Cl.4 πληρόω
INDICATIVE
Present		Contraction		Contraction		Contraction
S1	τιμῶ	(-ά-ω)	λαλῶ	(-έ-ω)	πληρῶ	(-ό-ω)
2	τιμᾷς	(-ά-εις)	λαλεἶς	(-έ-εις)	πληροῖς	(-ό-εις)
3	τιμᾷ	(-ά-ει)	λαλεἶ	(-έ-ει	πληροῖ	(-ό-ει)
P1	τιμῶμεν	(-ά-ομεν)	λαλοῦμεν	(-έ-ομεν)	πληροῦμεν	(-ό-μεν)
2	τιμᾶτε	(-ά-ετε)	λαεῖτε	(-έ-ετε)	πληροῦτε	(-ό-ετε)
3	τιμῶσι(ν)	(-ά-ουσιν)	λαλοῦσι(ν)	(-έ-ουσιν)	πληροῦσι(ν)	(-ό-ουσιν)
Imperfect
S1	ἐτίμων	(-α-ον)	ἐλάλουν	(-ε-ον)	ἐπλήρουν	(-ο-ον)
2	ἐτίμας	(-α-ες)	ἐλάλεις	(-ε-ες)	έπλήρους	(-ο-ες)
3	ἐτίμα	(-α-ε)	ἐλάλει	(-ε-ε)	ἐπλήρου	(-ο-ε)
P1	ἐτιμῶμεν	(-ά-ομεν)	ἐλαλοῦμεν	(-έ-ομεν)	ἐπληροῦμεν	(-ό-ομεν)
2	ἐτιμᾶτε	(-ά-ετε)	ἐλαλεῖτε	(-έ-ετε)	ἐπληροῦτε	(-ό-ετε)
3	ἐτίμων	(-α-ον)	ἐλάλουν	(-ε-ον)	ἐπλήρουν	(-ο-ον)
SUBJUNCTIVE
S1	τιμῶ	(-ά-ω)	λαλῶ	(-έ-ω)	πληρῶν	(-ό-ω)
2	τιμᾷς	(-ά-ῃς)	λαλῇς	(-έ- ῃς)	πληροῖς	(-ό- ῃς)
3	τιμᾷ	(-ά-ῃ)	λαλῇ	(-έ ῃ)	πληροῖ	(-ό- ῃ)
P1	τιμῶμεν	(-ά-ωμεν)	λαλῶμεν	(-έ-ωμεν)	πληρῶμεν	(-ό-ωμεν)
2	τιμᾶτε	(-ά-ητε)	λαλῆτε	(-έ-ητε)	πληρῶτε	(-ό -ητε)
3	τιμῶσι(ν)	(-ά-ωσιν)	λαλῶσι(ν)	(-έ-ωσιν)	πληρῶσι(v)	(-ό-ωσιν)
INFINITIVE
	τιμἂν	(-ά-ε-σεν)	λαλεῖν	(-έ-ε-σεν)	πληροῦν	(-ό-ε-σεν)
IMPERATIVE
S2	τίμα	(-α-ε)	λάλει	(-ε-ε)	πλήρου	(-ο-ε)
3	τιμάτω	(-α-έτω)	λαλείτω	(-ε-έτω)	πληρούτω	(-ο-έτω)
P2	τιμᾶτε	(-ά-ετε)	λαλεῖτε	(-έ-ετε)	πληροῦτε	(-ό-ετε)
3	τιμᾶτωσαν	(-α-έτωσαν)	λαλείτωσαν	(-ε-έτωσαν)	πληροῦτωσαν	(-ο-έτωσαν)
PARTICIPLE
NS M	τιμῶν	(-ά-ων)	λαλῶν	(-έ-ων)	πληρῶν	(-ό-ων)
F	τιμῶσα	(-ά-ουσα)	λαλοῦσα	(-έ-ουσα)	πληροῦσα	(-ό-ουσα)
N	τιμῶν	(-ά -ον)	λαλοῦν	(-έ-ον)	πληροῦν	(-ό-ον)
GS M/N	τιμῶντος	(-ά -οντος)	λαλοῦντος	(-έ-οντος)	πληροῦντος	(-ό-οντος)

 

DURATIVE MIDDLE AND PASSIVE:

	Cl.2 τιμάω		C1.3 λαλέω		C1.4 πληρόω
INDICATIVE		Contraction		Contraction		Contraction
Present
S1	τιμῶμαι	(-ά-ομαι)	λαλοῦμαι	(έ-ομαι)	πληροῦμαι	(-ό-ομαι)
2	τιμᾷ	(-ά-ῃ)	λαλῇ	(-έ-ῃ)	πληροῖ	(-ό-ῃ)
3	τιμᾶται	(-ά-εται)	λαλεῖται	(-έ-εται)	πληροῦται	(-ό-εται)
P1	τιμώμεθα	(-α-όμεθα)	λαλούμεθα	(-ε-όμεθα)	πληρούμεθα	(-ο-όμεθα)
2	τιμᾶσθε	(-ά-εσθε)	λαλεῖσθε	(-έ-εσθε)	πληροῦσθε	(-ό-εσθε)
3	τιμῶνται	(-ά-ονται)	λαλοῦνται	(-έ-ονται)	πληροῦνται	(-ό-ονται)
Imperfect
S1	ἐτιμώμην	(-α-όμην)	ἐλαλούμην	(-ε-όμην)	ἐπληρούμην	(-ο-όμην)
2	ἐτιμῶ	(-ά-ου)	ἐλαλοῦ	(-έ-ου)	ἐπληροῦ	(-ό-ου)
3	ἐτιμᾶτο	(-ά-ετο)	ἐλαλεῖτο	(-έ-ετο)	ἐπληροῦτο	(-ό-ετο)
P1	ἐιμώμεθα	(-α-όμεθα)	έλαλούμεθα	(-ε-όμεθα)	ἐπληρούμεθα	(-ο-όμεθα)
2	ἐτιμᾶσθε	(-ά-εσθε)	έλαλεῖσθε	(-έ-εσθε)	ἐπληρούσθε	(-ό-εσθε)
3	ἐτιμῶντο	(-ά-οντο)	ἐλαλοῦντο	(-έ-οντο)	ἐπληροῦντο	(-ό-οντο)
SUBJUNCTIVE
S 1	τιμῶμαι	(-ά-ωμαι)	λαλῶμαι	(-έ-ωμαι)	πληρῶμαι	(-ό-ωμαι)
2	τιμᾷ	(-ά-ῃ)	λαλῇ	(-έ-ῃ)	πληροῖ	(-ό-ῃ)
3	τιμᾶται	(-ά-ηται)	λαλῆται	(-έ-ηται)	πληρῶται	(-ό-ηται)
P 1	τιμώμεθα	(-α-ώμεθα)	λαλώμεθα	(-ε-ώμεθα)	πληρώμεθα	(-ο-ώμεθα)
2	τιμᾶσθε	(-ά-ησθε)	λαλῆσθε	(-έ-ησθε)	πληρῶσθε	(-ό-ησθε)
3	τιμῶνται	(-ά-ωνται)	λαλῶνται	(-έ-ωνται)	πληρῶνται	(-ό-ωνται)
INFINITTVE
	τιμᾶσθαι	(-ά-εσθαι)	λαλεῖσθαι	(-έ-εσθαι)	πληροῦσθαι	(-ό-εσθαι)
IMPERATIVE
S2	τιμῶ	(-ά-ου)	λαλοῦ	(-έ-ου)	πληροῦ	(-ό-ου)
3	τιμάσθω	(-α-έσθω)	λαλείσθω	(-ε-έσθω)	πληρούσθω	(-ο-έσθω)
P2	τιμᾶσθε	(-ά-εσθε)	λαλεῖσθε	(-έ-εσθε)	πληροῦσθε	(-ό-εσθε)
3	τιμάσθωσαν	(-α-έσθωσαν)	λαλείσθωσαν	(-ε- έσθωσαν)	πληρούσθωσαν	(-ο- έσθωσαν)
PARTICIPLE
NS M	τιμώμενος	(a-όμενος)	λαλούμενος	(-ε-όμενος)	πληρούμενος	(-ο-όμενος)
F	τιμωμένη	(-α-ομένη)	λαλουμένη	(-ε-ομένη)	πληρουμένη	(-ο-ομένη)
N	τιμώμενον	(-α-όμενον)	λαλούμενον	(-ε-όμενον)	πληρούμενον	(-ο-όμενον)
GS M/N	τιμωμένου	(-α-ομένου)	λαλουμένου	(-ε-ομένου)	πληρουμένου	(-ο-ομένου)

 

C1.46 NOTE in the foregoing conspectus that whenever the first vowel of those contracting (that is, the short stem vowel) has the verb accent, then the contracted vowel/diphthong carries a circumflex accent (˜); whenever the second vowel of those contracting has the verb accent, then the contracted vowel/diphthong carries that accent (΄).If neither of the contracting vowels has the accent, then the contracted vowel/diphthong will not be accented.

 

C1.47 In the short vowel verb flexions other than in the durative (present-tense) system, the suffix that is added to the stem always begins with a consonant (that is, in the case of all of the future time morpheme, the punctiliar and perfective aspect morphemes, the pronoun morphemes added directly for the perfect middle/passive, and the aorist passive morpheme). Thus no contraction of vowels takes place in any of these flexions. Rather, in accordance with the Short Vowel Lengthening Rule (#82.31), the short stem vowel lengthens before the consonant: α to η, ε to η, and ο to ω. Thus the flexion forms for these flexions (from which the rest of each flexion, and the other modes, are conjugated as for λύω) are:

 

TENSE	C1.2	C1.3	C1.4
FUTURB ACTTVE	τιμήσω	λαλήσω	πληρώσω
MIDDLE	τιμήσομαι	λαλήσομαι	πληρώσομαι
PASSIVE	τιμηθήσομαι	λαληθήσομαι	πληρωθήσομαι
AORIST ACTIVE	ἐτίμησα	ἐλάλησα	ἐπλήρωσα
MIDDLE	ἐτιμησάμην	ἐλαλησάμην	ἐπληρωσάμην
PASSIVE	ἐτιμήθην	ἐλαλήθην	ἐπληώθην
PERFECT ACTIVE	τετίμηκα	λελάληκα	πεπλήρωκα
MIDDLE	τετίμημαι	λελάλημαι	πεπλήρωμαι
PASSIVE	τετίμημαι	λελάλημαι	πεπλήρωμαι

 

C1.48 There are a number of verbs in -α and -ε which do not follow the Short Vowel Lengthening Rule of #E2.31 but which retain these vowels in front of a consonant (in the case of -ε, sometimes not in all flexions). Not all of the forms below necessarily occur in the New Testament but they are given here (in brackets) to show the verb's patterns. The verbs are:

 

(a) In all cases when -α follows -ρ, -ι or -ε (called "α pure") - these six verbs:

ἀγαλλιάω	rejoice	(ἀγαλλιάσομαι)	ἠγαλλίασα	—	—	ἠγαλλιάθην
ἐάω	allow	ἐάσω	εἴασα	(εἴακα)	εἴαμαι	εἰάθην
θεάομαι	look at	(θεάσομαι)	ἐθεασάμην	—	τεθέαμαι	ἐθεάθην
ἰάομαι	heal	(ἰάσομαι)	ἰασάμην	—	ἴαμαι	ἰάθην
καταράομαι	curse	καταράσομαι	κατηρασάμην	—	(κατήραμαι)	(κατηράθην)
κοπιάω	toil	(κοπιάσω)	ἐκοπίασα	κεκοπίακα	—	—

 

(b) In the following five -α verbs:

γελάω	laugh	γελάσω	ἔγέλασα	—	γεγέλαμαι	ἐγελάσθην
κλάω	break	κλάσω	ἔκλασα	—	κέκλασμαι	ἐκλάσθην
πεινάω	be hungry	πεινάσω	ἐπείνασα	πεπείνηκα	—	—
σπάω	draw, pull	σπάσω	ἔσπασα	ἔσπακα	ἔσπασμαι	ἐσπάσθην
χαλάω	let down	χαλάσω	ἐχάλασα	κεχάλακα	κεχάλασμαι	ἐχαλάσθην

 

 (c) In the following seven -ε verbs:

αἰνέω	praise	αἰνέσω	ᾔνεσα	ᾔνεκα	ᾔνημαι	ᾐνέθην
ἀρκέω	be sufficient	ἀρκέσω	ἤρκεσα	—	—	ἠρκέσθην
δέω	bind, tie	δήσω	ἔδησα	δέδεκα	δέδεμαι	ἐδέσθην
ἐμέω	vomit	(ἐμέσω)	ἤμεσα	—	—	—
καλέω	call	καλέσω	ἐκάλεσα	κέκληκα	κέκλημαι	ἐκλήθην
τελέω	finish	τελέσω	ἐτέλεσα	τετέληκα	τετέλημαι	ἐτελέσθην
φορέω	wear	φορέσω	ἐφόρεσα	—	—	—

 

C1.5 LABIAL STEM PARADIGM (followed by 18 verbs in -πτ, and 19 others)

The Principal Parts for representative verbs of this paradigm are:

βλέπω	see	βλέψω	ἔβλεψα	βέβλεφα	βέβλεμμαι	ἐβλέφθην
θλίβω	press hard	θλίψω	ἔθλιψα	τέθλιφα	τέθλιμμαι	ἐθλίφθην
γράφω	write	γράψω	ἔγραψα	γέγαφα	γέγραμμαι	ἐγράφθην†
καλύπτω‡	cover	καλύψω	ἐκάλυψα	κεκάλυφα	κεκάλυμμαι	ἐκαλύφθην

† The direct flexion form ἐγράφθην (#C4.53) is common in the New Testament.

‡ The -τ- is a durative morpheme added in the present system only (see #C5.7), and in all other tenses the flexions are formed from the stem καλύπ-.

 

C1.6 PALATAL STEM PARADIGM (followed by 35 verbs)

The Principal Parts for representative verbs of this paradigm are:

ἄγω	lead, bring	ἄξω	-ἦξα†	ἦχα	(ἦγμαι)	ἤχθην
διώκω	persecute	διώξω	ἐδίωξα	(δεδίωκα)	δεδίωγμαι	ἐδιώχθην
ἄρχω	rule	ἄρξω	ἦρξα	ἦρχα	ἦργμαι	(ἤρχθην)
κηρύσσω	proclaim	κηρύξω	ἐκήρυξα	κεκήρυχα	κεκήρυγμαι	ἐκηρύχθην

† This First Conjugation form is found in the New Testament only in the compound verb; the aorist of the simplex verb is the Second Conjugation form, ἤγαγον (see Second Conjugation, #C2.7).

 

C1.7 DENTAL STEM PARADIGM (followed by 206 verbs in -ζ, and 15 others)

The Principal Parts for representative verbs of this paradigm are:

σπεύδω	hasten	σπεύσω	ἔσπευσα	ἐσπευκα	ἐσπευσμαι	—
δοξάζω	glorify	δοξάσω	ἐδόξασα	δεδόξακα	δεδόξασμαι	ἐδοξάσθην

 

C1.8a POLYSYLLABIC ORAL LIQUID VERBST (4 verbs)

The Principal Parts for representative verbs of this paradigm are:

ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελέω	ἤγγειλα	ἤγγελκα	ἤγγελμαι	ἠγγέλθην
ἐγείρω	raise	ἐγερέω	ἤγειρα	ἐγήγερκα	ἐγήγερμαι	ἠγέρθην

 

C1.8b MONOSYLLABIC ORAL LIQUID VERBS† (17 verbs)

The Principal Parts for representative verbs of this paradigm are:

ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἀνατελέω	ἀνέτειλα	ἀνατέταλκα	ἀνατέταλμαι	—
φθείρω	ruin	φθερέω	ἔφυειρα	ἔφθαρκα	ἔφυαρμαι	ἐφθάρην‡

 

C1.9a POLYSYLLABIC NASAL LIQUID VERBS† (27 verbs)

The Principal Parts for a representative verb of this paradigm are:

ξηραίνω

dry up

ξηρανέω

ἐξήρανα

ἐήρανκα

ἐξήρασμαι

ἐξηράνθην

 

C1.9b MONOSYLLABIC NASAL LIQUID VERBS† (6 verbs)

The Principal Parts for a representative verb of this paradigm are:

ἀποκτείνω

kill

ἀποκτενέω

ἀπέκτεινα

—

—

ἀπεκτάνθην

 

C1.9c NASAL LIQUID VERBS IN -ιν† (3 verbs)

The Principal Parts for a representative verb of this paradigm are:

κρίνω

judge

κρινέω

ἔκρινα

κέκρικα

κέκριμαι

ἐκρίθην

† Liquid verbs are an important (and rather troublesome) subsection of the First Conjugation, so a detailed coverage of these paradigms is given below, following the Conspectus of the Consonant Paradigms.

‡ἐφθάρην direct flexion form, that is, it lacks the -θ- which is to be expected in the aorist passive flexion (if it had this -θ-, its form would have been ἐφθάρθην) — see Verbs With Direct Flexions, #C4.

 

NOTE: Once the flexion form (the first person singular) of each flexion has been determined, that flexion will conjugate regularly, taking exactly the same endings as λύω for that flexion. But there are two special kinds of changes which need to be carefully noted. First of all, the effects of the Linguistic Modification Rules (see #4.5) in the formation of the flexion form for the future tense - especially for liquid verbs, which add -ε-, not -σ-, as the future morph, and thereupon contract and then conjugate like the present tense of λαλέω (see #C1.3). Secondly, numbers of phonemic changes occur in the Perfect Middle/Passive which need to be noted; these are summarised in #10.45 and set out more fully in #Ε2.6 and #E2.7. The following CONSPECTUS OF THE CONSONANT PARADIGMS gives the flexions of the Future Indicative Active and Middle, and of the Perfect (and Pluperfect) Middle/Passive for the paradigms of the consonant stem verbs.

 

FUTURE

FUTURE ACTIVE:

	C1.5 καλύπτω	C1.6 ἄγω	Cl.7 δοξάζω	C1.8 ἀγγέλλω	C1.9 κρίνω
INDICATIVE
S1	καλύψω	ἄξω	δοξάσω	ἀγγελῶ	κρινῶ
2	καλύψεις	ἄξεις	δοξάσεις	ἀγγελεῖς	κρινεῖς
3	καλύψει	ἄξει	δοξάσει	ἀγγελεῖ	κρινεῖ
P1	καλύψομεν	ἄξομεν	δοξάσομεν	ἀγγελοῦμεν	κρινοῦμεν
2	καλύψετε	ἄξετε	δοξάσετε	ἀγγελεῖτε	κρινεῖτε
3	καλύψουσι(ν)	ἄξουσι(ν)	δοξάσουσι(ν)	ἀγγελοῦσι(ν)	κρινοῦσι(ν)
INFINITIVE
	καλύψειν	ἄξειν	δοξάσειν	ἀγγελεῖν	κρινεῖν
PARTICIPLE
NS M	καλύψων	ἄξων	δοξάσων	ἀγγελῶν	κρινῶν
F	καλύψουσα	ἄξουσα	δοξάσουσα	ἀγγελοῦσα	κρινοῦσα
N	καλύψον	ἄξον	δοξάσον	ἀγγελοῦν	κρινοῦν
GS M/N	καλύψοντος	ἄξοντος	δοξάσοντος	ἀγγελοῦντος	κρινοῦντος

 

FUTURE MIDDLE:

INDICATIVE
S1	καλύψομαι	ἄξομαι	δοξάσω	ἀγγελοῦμαι	κρινοῦμαι
2	καλύψῃ	ἄξῃ	δοξάσῃ	ἀγγελῇ	κρινῇ
3	καλύψεται	ἄξεται	δοξάσεται	ἀγγελεῖται	κρινεῖται
P1	καλυψόμεθα	ἀξόμεθα	δοξάσόμεθα	ἀγγελούμεθα	κρινούμεθα
2	καλύψεσθε	ἄξεσθε	δοξάσεσθε	ἀγγελεῖσθε	κρινεῖσθε
3	καλύψονται	ἄξονται	δοξάσονται	ἀγγελοῦσι(ν)	κρινοῦσι(ν)
INFINITIVE
	καλύψεσθαι	ἄξεσθαι	δοξάσεσθαι	ἀγγελεῖσθαι	κρινεῖσθαι
PARTICIPLE
NS M	καλυψόμενος	ἀξόμενος	δοξασόμενος	ἀγγελούμενος	κρινούμενος
F	καλυψομένη	ἀξομένη	δοξασομένη	ἀγγελουμένη	κρινουμένη
N	καλυψόμενον	ἀξόμενον	δοξασόμενον	ἀγγελούμενον	κρινούμενον
GS M/N	καλυψομένου	ἀξομένου	δοξασομένου	ἀγγελουμένου	κρινουμένου

 

FUTURE PASSIVE:

The Future Passive is formed from the sixth Principal Part, the aorist passive, in completely regular fashion. Thus from Paradigm C1.5, ἐκαλύφθην, is derived the flexion form καλυφθήσομαι; and similarly for each other paradigm.

 

 

PERFECT (AND PLUPERTECT) MIDDLE/PASSIVE:

	C1.5 καλύπτω	C1.6 ἄγω	Cl.7 δοξάζω	C1.8 ἀγγέλλω	C1.9 ξηραίνω	C1.9 κρίνω
INDICATIVE
Present Perfect
S1	κεκάλυμαι	ἦγμαι	δεδόξασμαι	ἤγγελμαι	ἐξήραμμαι	κέκριμαι
2	κεκάλυψαι	ἦξαι	δεδόξασαι	ἤγγελσαι	ἐξήρανσαι	κέκρισαι
3	κεκάλυπται	ἦκται	δεδόασται	ἤγγελται	ἐξήρανται	κέκριται
P1	κεκαλύμμεθα	ἤγμεθα	δεδοξάσμεθα	ἠγγέλμεθα	ἐξηράμμεθα	κεκρίμεθα
2	κεκάλυφθε	ὴχθε	δεδόξασθε	ἤγγελθε	ἐξήρανθε	κέκρισθε
3	κεκαλυμμένοι εἰσί(ν)	ἠγμένοι εἰσί(ν)	δεδοξασμένοι εἰσί(ν)	ἠγγελμένοι εἰσί(ν)	ἐξηραμμένοι εἰσί(ν)	κέκρινται
Pluperfect
S1	(ἐ)κεκάλυμμην	ἤγμην	(ἐ)δεδοξάσμην
2	(ἐ)κεκάλυψο	ἦξο	(ἐ)δεδόξασο
3	(ἐ)κεκάλυπτο	ἦκτο	(ἐ)δεδόξαστο	No pluperfect oral or nasal
P1	(ἐ)κεκαλύμμεθα	ἤγμεθα	(ἐ)δεδοξάσμεθα	liquid forms occur in the
2	(ἐ)κεκάλυφθε	ἦχθε	(ἐ)δεδόξασθε	New Testament
3	κεκαλυμμένοι ἦσαν	ἠγμένοι ἦσαν	δεδοξασμένοι ἦσαν
OPTATIVE
No forms occur in the New Testament.
IMPERATIVE
No forms from consonant verbs occur in the New Testament.
SUBJUNCTIVE
	κεκαλυμμένος ὦ	ἠγμένος ὦ	δεδοξασμένος ὦ	ἠγγελμένος ὦ	ἐξηραμμένος ὦ	κεκριμμένος ὦ
	κεκαλυμμένος ᾖς	etc.	etc.	etc.	etc.	etc.
	κεκαλυμμένος ᾖ
	κεκαλυμμένοι ὦμεν
	κεκαλυμμένοι ἦτε
	κεκαλυμμένοι ὦσι(ν)
INFINITIVE
	κεκαλύφθαι	ἤθαι	δεδοξάσθαι	ἠγγέλθαι	ἐξηράνθαι	κεκρίσθαι
PARTICIPLE
	κεκαλυμμένος	ἠγμένος	δεδοξασμένος	ἠγγελμένος	ἐξηραμμένος	κεκριμένος
	κεκαλυμμένη	ἠγμένη	δεδοξασμένη	ἠγγελμένη	ἐξηραμμένη	κεκριμένη
	κεκαλυμμένον	ἠγμένον	δεδοξασμένον	ἠγγελμένον	ἐξηραμμένον	κεκριμένον
	κεκαλυμμένου	ἠγμένου	δεδοξασμένου	ἠγγελμένου	ἐξηραμμένου	κεκριμένου

 

For the phonemic rules which are reflected in the above flexions of the Consonant Stem Paradigms, see #10.45 and #E2.6 and #E2.7 .

 

C1.8 ORAL LIQUID VERBS; C1.9 NASAL LIQUID VERBS

 

C1.81 The verb stem (root) of a liquid verb is often somewhat disguised in the present and aorist tenses by the addition of other morphs (including infixes); it can be seen most clearly in the future tense, by deleting the future morph and pronoun ending from the flexion form for the future.

 

C1.82 The general rule for obtaining the Principal Parts of a liquid verb is:

 

(a) The future is formed from the verb stem by adding -ε- as the future morph instead of -σ-

(b) The aorist is formed by adding the augment ἐ- and the punctiliar morph -α- to the verb stem;

(c) The perfect forms are obtained by adding the reduplication and -κα- and -μαι respectively for active and middle flexions, but -ν- changes to -γ (enga¹¹) before -κα-, and to -μ- (occasionally to -σ-) before -μαι.

 

C1.83 Where the verb stem ends in a single vowel plus -λ the -λ doubles in the present stem. There are twelve New Testament verbs with stems in -λ (nine of the First Conjugation, three of the Second Conjugation) which conform to this rule. The rule does not apply to the one New Testament verb with a stem in a diphthong plus -λ (nor the five irregular –λ verbs in #C1.88).

 

These thirteen verbs are:

FIRST CONJUGATION:			SECOND CONJUGATION:
Stem	Present	Meaning	Stem	Present	Meaning
ἀγγελ-	ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀναθαλ-	ἀναθάλλω	revive
ἁλ-	ἅλλομαι	leap	βαλ-	βάλλω	throw
ἀνατελ-	ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἐφαλ-	ἐφάλλομαι	jump on
ἐντελ-	ἐντέλλομαι	command
ἐπικελ-	έπικέλλω	run aground
σκυλ-	σκύλλω	trouble
στελ-	στέλλω	send	DIPHTHONG -λ STEM
τιλ-	τίλλω	pluck
ψαλ-	ψάλλω	sing	ὀφειλ-	ὀφείλω	owe

 

One verb, of the First Conjugation - θέλω, "wish" - does not conform to this rule but retains the single -λ, and the unrelated verbs μέλλω, "intend", and μέλω, "concern", retain their double lambda and single lambda stems respectively outside of the durative.

 

C1.84 Where the lexical form of a verb ends in -αιρ-, -ειρ-, -αιν-, or -ειν-, plus -ar, the verb has inserted -ι- before the liquid in forming the present stem, and the verb stem lacks this -ι- (that is to say, this -ι- is a durative infix). There arc 27 New Testament verbs in this category eight with stems in -ρ, and nineteen with stems in -ν. They are:

 

VERB STEMS IN -ρ			VERB STEMS IN -ν
Stem	Present	Meaning	Stem	Present	Meaning
ἀρ-	αἴρω	take up	ἀποκτεν-	ἀποκτείνω	kill
ἐγερ-	ἐγείρω	raise	βασκαν-	βασκαίνω	bewitch
καθαρ-	καθαίρω	clean	εὐφραν-	εὐφραίνω	make glad
κερ-	κείρω	shear	θερμαν-	θερμαίνομαι	warm
περιπερ-	περιπείρω	pierce	λευκαν-	λευκαίνω	whiten
σπερ-	σπείρω	sow	λυμαν-	λυμαίνομαι	harass
φθερ-	φθείρω	ruin	μαν-	μαίνομαι	be insane
χαρ-	χαίρω	rejoice	μαραν-	μαραίνω	wither away
			μιαν-	μιαίνω	defile
			μωραν-	μωραίνω	make foolish
			ξηραν-	ξηραίνω	dry up
			πικραν-	πικραίνω	make bitter
			ποιμαν-	ποιμαίνω	shepherd
			ῥυπαν-	ῥυπαίνομαι	be impure
			σαν-	σαίνομαι	be disturbed
			σημαν-	σημαίνω	indicate
			-τεν-	-τείνω	stretch
			ὑγιαν-	ὑγιαίνω	be healthy
			φαν-	φαίνω	shine/appear

 

Two verbs in -ερ and one in -εν do not add -ι- in forming the present stem:

δερ-	δέρω	thrash	μεν-	μένω	remain
φερ-	φέρω	carry

 

C1.85 Where the verb stem ends in -ε- plus -ρ, -λ, or -ν then:

 

(a) That verb always forms its aorist active from the verb stem by adding -ι- before the liquid as well as -α- after it. In these aorist flexions, what has happened is that when the punctiliar morph -σα- is added to the liquid in forming the tense stem, the -σ- slides off the liquid, and in compensation for the loss of the sigma, a stem letter, the -ε- in the root becomes -ει- by compensatory lengthening (#Ε2.43).

(b) Where the stem is a monosyllable (not counting the preposition in compound forms), it forms its perfect and its aorist passive flexions from the verb stem by changing the -ε- to -α- (see Paradigm Cl.8b: of the nine -ε- monosyllabic oral liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New Testament, only six have forms occurring in the perfect and/or aorist passive in the New Testament or related literature [ἀνατέλλω, δέρω, ἐντέλλομαι, σπείρω, στέλλω, φθείρω]; and see also Paradigm C1.9b: of the six monosyllabic nasal liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New Testament, only one [ἀποκτείνω] occurs in the perfect and/or aorist passive and has -ε- as its stem vowel).

(c) Where the stem is polysyllabic it retains the -ε- throughout all its flexions (see Paradigms

C1.8a and C1.9a: of the four verbs which follow C1.8a, only two [ἀγγέλλω and ἐγείρω] have stems in -ε-, and none of the twenty-seven verbs of C1.9a have stems in -ε-). The vowel change from -ε- to -α- is the only difference between the Paradigms C1.8a and C1.8b, and between C1.9a and C1.9b. (The Principal Parts for these seven verbs which are used in the New Testament are set out in #C8.61.)

 

C1.86 Where the verb stem ends in -ιν, the -ν- is dropped before the endings of the perfect and of the aorist passive. The three New Testament verbs which have stems in -ιν are κλίνω, κρίνω, and ὠδίνω.

 

C1.87 Verbs with stems in -ν add -θην to form the aorist passive (exception: φαίνω, which adds -ην, that is, has a direct flexion); while verbs with stems in oral liquids (-λ and -ρ) add -ην (that is, have direct flexion aorist passives; exceptions: αἴρω and ἐγείρω, which take -θην. Verbs with direct flexions are discussed in #C4.

 

C1.88 Nine liquid verbs in the New Testament add -ε- to their stem in forming the future or the perfect, and then function as if they were -ε- stem verbs like λαλέω (lengthening the -ε- to -η-before suffixes, as per #E2.31). Of these nine verbs, seven add -ε- to the stem in forming the future, then -σ-, in effect taking a double future morph. These seven verbs are:

 

ἀπόλλυμι	destroy		ἀπώλεσα	ἀπόλωλα	—	—
βούλομαι	want	βουλήσομαι	—	—	βεβούλημαι	ἐβουλήθην
γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	ἐγενόμην	γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
θέλω	wish	θελήσω	ἠθέλησα	—	—	—
μέλλω	intend	μελλήσω	(ἐμέλλησα)	—	—	—
μέλω	concern	-μελήσω	—	—	—	-ἐμελήθην
οἰκτίρω	compassion	οἰκτιρήσω	—	—	—	—

 

The other two verbs add -ε- to the stem in forming their perfect and their aorist passive. They are:

διανέμω	spread	(διανεμέω)	(διένειμα)	(διανενέμηκα)	(διανενέμημαι)	διανεμήθην
μένω	remain	μενέω	ἔμεινα	μεμένηκα	—	—

 

Actually, one of these nine verbs is Second Conjugation (γίνομαι, which can be seen to have second aorist forms), and one is Third Conjugation (ἀπόλλυμι), but it is convenient to include them here with those of the First Conjugation with which they share in common the addition of the -ε-.

 

C1.89 The following Synopsis is a complete listing of the 79 liquid verbs of the First and Second Conjugations found in the New Testament, and gives their Principal Parts (see #9.6). Second Conjugation forms are marked ² against the second aorist Principal Part; direct flexions are marked † against the Principal Part. As a general rule, only those Principal Parts are given from which forms found in the New Testament are derived; but forms not found in the New Testament are included where it assists in some way to have this information (e.g. in seeing how another part is derived, and/or these forms may occur in other Greek writings). A hyphen in front of a form (e.g., -τείνω) indicates that this is the simplex form of the verb, but that it is only found in the New Testament in compounds.

 

ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελέω	ἤγγειλα	ἤγγελκα	ἤγγελμαι	†ἠγγέλην
αἴρω	take up	ἀρέω	ἦρα	ἦκα	ἦρμαι	ἤρθην
αἰσχύνομαι	be ashamed	αἰσχυνθήσομαι	—	—	ᾐσχύμμαι	ᾐσχύνθην
ἅλλομαι	leap	ἁλέομαι	ἡλάμην	—	—	—
ἀμύνομαι	help	ἀμυνέομαι	ἠμυνάμην	—	—	—
ἀναθάλλω	revive	ἀναθαλέω	²ἀνέθαλον	—	—	—
ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἀνατελέω	ἀνέτειλα	ἀνατέταλκα	ἀνατέταλμαι	—
ἀποκτείνω	kill	ἀποκτενέω	ἀπέκτεινα	—	—	ἀπεκτάνθην
ἀπονέμω	render	ἀπονεμέω	ἀπένειμα	—	—	—
βαθύνω	go deep	βαθυνέω	ἐβάθυνα	—	—	—
βάλλω	throw	βαλέω	²ἔβαλον	βέβληκα	βέβλημαι	ἐβλήθην
βασκαίνω	bewitch	βασκανέω	ἐβάσκανα	—	—	—
βούλομαι	want	βουλήσομαι	—	—	βεβούλημαι	ἐβουλήθην
βραδύνω	be delayed	βραδυνέω	ἐβράδυνα	—	—	—
γέμω	be full	—	—	—	—	—
γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	²ἐγενόμην	†γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
δέρω	thrash	δερέω	ἔδειρα	—	δέδαρμαι	†ἐδάρην
διανέμω	spread	διανεμέω	διένειμα	διανενέμηκα	διανενέμημαι	διενεμήθην
ἐγείρω	raise	ἐγερέω	ἤγειρα	ἐγήγερκα	ἐγήγερμαι	ἠγέρθην
ἐντέλλομαι	command	ἐντελέομαι	ἐνετειλάμην	—	ἐντέταλμαι	—
ἐπικέλλω	run aground	ἐπικελέω	ἐπέκειλα	—	—	—
εὐθύνω	make straight	εὐθυνέω	εὔθυνα	—	—	—
εὐφραίνω	make glad	εὐφρανέω	εὔφρανα	—	—	ηὐφράνθην
ἐφάλλομαι	jump on	ἐφαλέομαι	²ἐφαλόμην	—	—
θέλω	wish	θελήσω	ἠθέλησα	—	—	ἠθελήθην
θερμαίνω	warm	θερμανέω	—	—	—	—
καθαίρω	clean	καθαρέω	ἐκάθαρα	—	κεκάθαρμαι	—
καταβαρύνω	weigh down	καταβαρυνέω	κατεβάρυνα	—	—	—
κείρω	shear	κερέω	ἔκειρα	—	—	—
κλίνω	incline	κλινέω	ἔκλινα	κέκλικα	κέκλιμαι	ἐκλίθην
κρίνω	judge	κρινέω	ἔκρινα	κέκρικα	κέκριμαι	ἐκρίθην
λευκαίνω	whiten	λευκανέω	ἐλεύκανα	—	—	—
λυμαίνομαι	harass	λυμανέομαι	ἐλυμανάμην	—	—	—
μαίνομαι	be insane	μανέομαι	ἐμανάμην	μέμηνα	μεμάνημαι	ἐμάνην
μαραίνω	wither away	μαρανέω	ἐμάρανα	—	μεμάρομμαι	ἐμαράνθην
μαρτύρομαι	testify	μαρτυρέομαι	ἐμαρτυράμην	—	—	—
μεγαλύνω	magnify	μεγαλυνέω	ἐμεγάλυνα	—	—	ἐμεγαλύνθην
μέλλω	intend	μελλήσω	(ἠμέλλησα)	—	—
(μέλω) μέλει	concern	-μελήσω	ἐμέλησα	—	—	ἐμελήθην
μένω	remain	μενέω	ἔμεινα		—	—
μεταμέλομαι	regret	μεταμελήσομαι	—	—	—	μετεμελήθην
μηκύνω	grow	μηκυνέω	—	—	—	—
μιαίνω	defile	μιανέω	ἐμίανα	μεμίαγκα	μεμίαμμαι	ἐμιάνθην
μολύνω	defile	μολυνέω	μεμόλυγκα	μεμόλυμμαι	μεμόλυμμαι	ἐμολύνθην
μωραίνω	make foolish	μωρανέω	—	—	—	ἐμωράνθην
ξηραίνω	dry up	ξηρανέω	ἐξήρανα	ἐξήραγκα	ἐξήραμμαι	ἐξηράνθην
οἰκτίρω	compassion	οἰκτιρήσω	—	—	—	—
ὁμείρομαι	yearn for	—	—	—	—	—
ὀφείλω	owe	—	²ὤφελον	—	—	—
παροξύνω	provoke	παροξυνέω	παρώξυνα	—	—	παρωξύνθην
παροτρύνω	incite	παροτρυνέω	παρώτρυνα	—	—
παχύνω	grow dull	—	—	—	—	ἐπαχύνθην
περιπείρω	pierce through	—	περιέπειρα	—	—	—
πικραίνω	make bitter	πικρανέω	ἐπίκρανα	—	—	ἐπικράνθην
πλατύνω	enlarge	πλατυνέω	ἐπλάτυνα	—	πεπλάτυμμαι	ἐπλατύνθην
πληθύνω	increase	πληθυνέω	ἐπλήθυνα	—	—	ἐπληθύνθην
πλύνω	wash	πλυνέω	ἔπλυνα	—	—	ἐπλύνθην
ποιμαίνω	shepherd	ποιμανέω	ἐποίμανα	—	—	—
πτύρω	frighten	πτυρέω	—	—	—	—
ῥαίνω	sprinkle	ῥανέω	ἔρρανα	—	ἔρραμμαι	ἐρράνθην
ῥυπαίνομαι	be impure	ῥυπανέομαι	—	—	—	ἐρρυπάνθην
σαίνομαι	be disturbed	—	—	—	—	—
σημαίνω	indicate	σημανέω	ἐσήμανα	—	—	ἐσημάνθην
σκληρύνω	harden	σκληρυνέω	ἐσκλήρυνα	—	—	ἐσκληρύνθην
σκύλλω	trouble	σκυλέω	ἔσκυλα	—	ἔσκυλμαι	—
σπείρω	sow	σπερέω	ἔσπειρα	ἔσπαρκα	ἔσπαρμαι	†ἐσπάρην
στέλλω	send	στελέω	ἔστειλα	ἔσταλκα	ἔσταλμαι	†ἐστάλην
σύρω	drag	συρέω	ἔσυρα	σέσυρκα	σέσυρμαι	†ἐσύρην
-τείνω	stretch	-τενέω	-έτεινα	—	—	—
-τέμνω	cut	-τεμέω	²-έτεμον	-τέτηκα	-τέτμημαι	-ετμήθην
τίλλω	pluck	τιλέω	ἔτιλα	—	—	—
τρέμω	tremble	—	—	—	—	—
ὑγιαίνω	be heathy	ὑγιανέω	ὑγίανα	—	—	—
φαίνω	shine/appear	φανέομαι	ἔφανα	—	—	†ἐφάνην
φέρω	carry	—	—	—	—	—
φθείρω	ruin	φθερέω	ἔφθειρα	ἔφθαρκα	ἔφθαρμαι	†ἐφθάρην
χαίρω	rejoice	χαρήσομαι	—	—	—	†ἐχάρην
ψάλλω	sing	ψαλέω	—	—	—	—
ὠδίνω	be in pain	ὡδινέω	—	—	—	—

 

This list contains only two verbs with -μ stems which are used in the New Testament outside the present/imperfect tense system (διανέμω and -τέμνω, in the compound περιτέμνω, "circumcise"). That is, all other verbs with -μ stems occur in the New Testament only with forms of the present stem.

 

The future forms are all given in this table in their uncontracted form with -ε-; but NOTE that they always contract in use, according to the normal rules of contraction (see Paradigms C1.8 and C1.9, above, for their flexions).

 

C2. THE SECOND CONJUGATION

 

C2.0 FEATURES OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION (C2)

 

C2.01 Verbs of the Second Conjugation are those which have the following two features: (a) The verb stem is the aorist stem, to which affixes are added to form all the other tenses; and (b) The Indicative active aorist is formed from the verb stem by adding the augment, the neutral morph (-ο/ε-) and the secondary endings as the pronoun morphs: that is, the indicative active aorist of Second Conjugation verbs is formed in exactly the same way as the indicative active past durative (i.e., the imperfect) is formed for First Conjugation verbs from the durative (i.e., present) stem of those verbs.

 

C2.02 The conjugation of Second Conjugation verbs is shown in the Conjugation Conspectus, #C6. It will be seen that, as the aorist and imperfect indicative active have the same pronoun endings, and as (seeing they are both past tense flexions) they each have the augment, in consequence they differ only in their stem: the aorist flexion is built directly on the verb stem, while the imperfect is built on the present (durative) stem - which for the Second Conjugation is always longer than the aorist (verb) stem. That is, for Second Conjugation verbs the present stem is formed from the aorist (verb) stem by the addition into the lexal of a durative infix. (There are two exceptions, t76a and dya: see #C2.7; in these two verbs the aorist and present stems differ in other ways.)

 

C2.03 For a comparison of the formation of the flexions for the three Conjugations, see #10.1, #10.2.

 

C2.04 The following Synopsis contains the thirty-four Second Conjugation verbs occurring in the New Testament, that is, verbs for which second aorist forms occur in the New Testament. Some verbs had both first aorist and second aorist forms simultaneously in existence in Hellenistic Greek usage; these circulated side by side as it were, and which of these forms a writer chose to use was a matter of style or personal preference - though during the New Testament period the flrst aorist forms were tending to supplant the second aorist alternatives. In some verbs this had reached the point where, for a given verb, only first aorist forms are found in the New Testament although the second aorist forms were still also in use, or had been in use in Classical Greek. In such cases, and in the case of any other verbs which did have second aorist forms but for which no such forms actually occur in the New Testament, the verb is not listed here as Second Conjugation: there is no reason to distinguish it from First Conjugation in learning to read the Greek New Testament.

 

C2.05 The main feature subdividing the Second Conjugation verbs is that of the manner in which they form their durative (present) stem from their verb (aorist) stem, and they are categorised here on this basis. It will be seen that they subdivide into eight groups.

 

 

C2.1 REDUPLICATE IN -ι

γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	ἐγενόμην	γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
πίπτω	fall	πεσέομαι	ἔπεσον ἔπεσα	πέπτωκα	—	—
τίκτω	bear	τέξομαι	ἔτεκον	(τέτοχα)	(τέτεγμαι)	ἐτέχθην

 

C2.2 DOUBLE THE –λ

ἀναθάλλω	revive	ἀναθαλέω	ἀνέθαλον	—	—	—
βάλλω	throw	βαλέω	ἔβαλον	βέβληκα	βέβλημαι	ἐβλήθην
ἐφάλλομαι	jump on	ἐφαλέομαι	ἐφαλόμην	—	—	—

 

C2.3 ADD -ν (alone, or with other letters)

 

C2.31 ADD -v

κάμνω	be ill	—	ἔκαμον	—	—	—
περιτέμνω	circumcise	περιτεμέω	περιέτεμον	περιτέτμηκα	περιτέτμημαι	περιετμήθην
πίνω	drink	πίομαι	ἔπιον	πέπωκα	(πέπομαι)	ἐπόθην

 

C2.32 ADD -νε

ἀφικνέομαι

reach

(ἀφίξομαι)

ἀφικόμην

—

—

—

 

C2.33 ADD -αν

αἰσθάνομαι	understand	αἰσθήσομας	ᾐσθόμην	—	—	—
ἁμαρτάνω	sin	ἁμαρτήσω	ἥμαρτον ἡμάρτησα	ἡμάρτηκα	(ἡμάρτημαι)	(ἡμαρτήθην)

 

C2.34 ADD -ν.αν

θιγγάνω	touch	(θίξω)	ἔθιγον	—	—	—
λαγχάνω	obtain	(λήξομαι)	ἔλαχον	—	—	—
λαμβάνω	take	(λήμψομαι)	ἔλαβον	εἴληφα	εἴλημμαι	ἐλήμφθην
λανθάνω	be hidden	(λήσω)	ἔλαθον	(λέληθα)	λέλησμαι	—
μανθάνω	learn	(μαθήσομαι)	ἔμαθον	μεμάθηκα	—	—
πυνθάνομαι	inquire	—	ἐπυθόμην	—	—	—
τυγχάνω	happen	—	ἔτυχον	τέτυχα	—	—

 

C2.4 ADD -ισκ (after a consonant) OR -σκ (after a vowel)

εὑρίσκω	find	εὑρήσω	εὗρον εὕρησα	εὕρηκα	(εὕρημαι)	εὑρέθην
-θνῄσκω	die	-θανέομαι	-ἔθανον	τέθνηκα	—	—
πάσχω	suffer	—	ἔπαθον	πέπονθα	—	—

 

C2.5 ADD -ε- TO FORM A DIPHTHONG

λείπω	leave	λείψω	ἔλιπον ἔλειψα	(λέλοιπα)	λέλειμμαι	ἐλείφθην
φεύγω	flee	φεύξομαι	ἔφυγον	πέφευγα	—	—

 

C2.6 CHANGE -γ- INTO -ζ

ἀνακράζω

cry out

ἀνακράξω

ἀνέκραγον ἀνέκραξα

ἀνακέκραγα

—

—

 

C2.7 SUBTRACTION OF INITIAL SEGMENT OF STEM

ἔχω	have	ἕξω	ἔσχον	ἔσχηκα	—	—
ἄγω	bring	ἄξω	ἤγαγον -ἦξα	(ἦχα)	ἦγμαι	ἤχθην

C2.8 SUPPLETIVES αἱρέω take away ἑλέω αἱρήσομαι εἷλον εἷλα — ᾔρημαι ᾐρέθην ἔρχομαι come ἐλεύσομαι ἦλθον ἦλθα ἐλήλυθα — — ἐσθίω eat φάγομαι ἔφαγον — — — λέγω/φημί say/speak ἐρέω εἶπον εἶπα εἴρηκα εἴρημαι ἐρρέθην ὁράω see ὄψομαι εἶδον εἶδα ἑώρακα ἑόρακα (ἑώραμαι) ὤφθην τρέχω run (δραμέομαι) ἔδραμον (δεδράμηκα) (δεδράμημαι) — φέρω carry οἴσω ἤνεγκον ἤνεγκα ἐνήνοχα (ἐνήνεγμαι) ἠνέχθην

 

C2.9 CONCERNING THE FEATURES OF VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION

 

C2.91 The foregoing is the complete list of all verbs which have a second aorist active form in the New Testament. Where a dash occurs in this Synopsis, it indicates that no form derived from that particular Principal Part occurs in the United Bible Societies’ Edition of the New Testament, either for the simplex or compound form of that verb. Other tenses and forms may possibly be found in variant readings or in koinē Greek outside the New Testament, but it is not necessary to give them here. However, some forms are given in this Synopsis even though no derived forms from them occur in the New Testament, where these are of interest or of help in understanding the pattern of the verb - these forms appear in brackets.

 

C2.92 Usually the simplex form of a verb is given in the Synopsis. It must be remembered that many of these verbs also take initial prepositions to form compound verbs. These comments apply to the compound as well as to the simplex form of these verbs.

 

C2.93 It can be noticed that, of these thirty-four verbs, ten also have first aorist forms which are found in Hellenistic (and New Testament) Greek. These ten are: πίπτω, ἁμαρτάνω, εὑρισκω, λείπω, ἀνακράζω ἄγω, αἱρεω, λέγω, ὁράω, φέρω. For some words, it is the first aorist form which is the more common, and for others the second aorist form is the usual one. For example: ἤγαγον (second aorist form) is the usual aorist for ἄγω, and ἦξα (first aorist form) is much less common and found only in compounds; but the first aorist ἤνεγκα is the usual one for φέρω and the second aorist ἤνεγκον is rare and in the New Testament occurs only in the infinitive. The tendency to form first aorists in place of second aorists (see #C2.04) can be seen in the flexions of ἦλθα (for ἦλθον), εἶπα (for εἶπον) and εἶδα (for εἶδον), where the second aorist set of endings for the flexion has been replaced by the first aorist endings - but without the use of the -σ- with the -σ-, although the sigma is otherwise absent only in the case of the liquid stem verbs.

 

C2.94 The endings of the second aorist active are identical with those of the imperfect active, and the endings of the second aorist middle are identical with those of the imperfect middle. Thus the forms, on the one hand, of a Second Conjugation verb in the aorist and, on the other hand, of the imperfect flexions differ only in stem. The flexions for the Second Conjugation are set out in the Conjugation Conspectus, #C6. (For a comparison of second aorist and imperfect flexions, see #6.73.)

 

C2.95 Apart from their aorist active and middle flexions, Second Conjugation verbs conjugate with the same flexion endings as First Conjugation verbs in all flexions, once the Principal Parts are known - but the formation of the Principal Parts for Second Conjugation verbs is unpredictable from the lexical form (that is to say, they are irregular verbs) and these Principal Parts (as set out above) will need to be noted individually for each Second Conjugation verb.

 

C2.96 Five Second Conjugation verbs display metathesis (the transposing of two letters of their root). The metathesis for these verbs can be seen:

(a) βάλλω:	root βαλ → βλα → βλη
(b) τίκτω:	root τεκ, with reduplication in -ι- (#C2.1) τιτεκ → τιτκ (by syncopation, #C2.97) → τικτ (as in τίκτω)
(c) θνῄσκω:	root θαν → θανισκω (see #C2.4) → θναισκω → θνῄσκω
Also:	root θαν → τεθανκα → τεθνακα → τέθνηκα
(d) περιτέμνω:	root (περι)τεμ → τετεμκα → τετμεκα → (περι)τέτμηκα
(e) ἔχω:	root σεχ → σχε → ἐσχεκα → ἔσχηκα

 

C2.97 Six verbs have lost a short vowel between consonants (this feature is called syncopation: described in #E2.5) and/or a consonant; and have also had the root vowel change to -ο- in the perfect:

(a) γίνομαι:	root γεν → γιγενομαι (#C2.1) → γίγνομαι → γίνομαι
	root γεν → γεγενα → γέγονα
(b) ἔχω:	root σεχ → σέχω → ἑχω → ἔχω
	root σεχ → ἐσεχον → ἔσχον
(c) πίπτω:	root πετ → πιπετω (#C2.1) → πίπτω
	root πετ → πεπετ → πεπτε (#C2.96) → πεπτοκα → πέπτωκα
(d) φέρω:	root (εν)ενεκ → ἠνενκον → ἤνεγκον
	root (εν)ενεκ → ἐνηνεχα → ἐνήνοχα
(e) πάσχω:	root πα(ν)θ → παθσκω (#C2.4) → πάσχω
	root πα(ν)θ → πεπανθα → πέπονθα
(f) πίνω:	root πι → πεπικα → πεποκα → πέπωκα

 

The arows indicate changes that have taken place (or that are hypothesised to have taken place), most of them in the pre-history of the language, before we have any record of it, to account for the forms that do occur.

 

C2.98 Seven verbs (set out in #C2.34) add to the lexal of the word a two-part or discontinuous infix: -ν- between the final vowel of the root and the final consonant, plus -αν after the final consonant. This is written as the infix -ν.αν, where the full stop (.) indicates the final consonant of the root of a particular verb. This -ν- then assimilates (see #82.77) to the place of articulation (see #1.62-#1.69) of that consonant which then follows it, becoming -μ- in front of a labial, and -γ- (enga, "ng") in front of a palatal.

 

C2.99 Seven verbs (set out in #C2.8) are suppletives, that is, they are defective, and supplement their missing tenses to complete (to some extent, at least) their verb systems by drawing upon flexions from one or two other verb roots with similar lexical meanings. These seven are the only suppletive verb systems which occur in the New Testament. (Some scholars have identified πύπτω/παίω/πατάσσω/πλήσσω as being an eighth, but as these verbs all have a present form and overlap in distribution and usage, they are better to be regarded simply as synonyms.)

 

C3. THE THIRD CONJUGATION

 

C3.0 FEATURES OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION (C3)

 

C3.01 For Third Conjugation verbs, as for Second Conjugation verbs, the verb stem is the aorist stem, to which affixes are added to form the various other tenses. Verbs of the Third Conjugation are those which have one or both of the following two features: (a) They lack the neutral morph (-ο/ε-) which is used by the Second Conjugation in adding the aorist endings to the stem, and which is used in both the First and Second Conjugations in adding the present and imperfect endings to the durative stem; and/or (b) They have their lexical form ending in μι.

 

C3.02 The conjugation of Third Conjugation verbs is shown in the Conjugation Conspectus, #C6.

 

C3.03 For a comparison of the formation of the flexions of the three Conjugations, see #10.1, #10.2.

 

C3.04 There are altogether 36 Third Conjugation verbs which occurr in the New Testament, 32 of which have lexical forms ending in μι, and four verbs in -ω which are Third Conjugation in the aorist. A number of those which have forms in -μι also have First Conjugation forms which circulated in the Hellenistic Greek period and which can at times be found in the New Testament. For many verbs, the First Conjugation forms were, in New Testament times, in the process of supplanting the Third Conjugation forms.

 

C3.05 The main feature subdividing the Third Conjugation verbs is that of the manner in which they form their durative (present) stem from their verb stem, which is usually also the aorist stem; and they are categorised here primarily on that basis. Other differences may be noted from a comparison of their Principal Parts.

 

C3.1 REDUPLICATE IN -ι

δίδωμι	give	(√δο)	δώσω	ἔδωκα	δέδωκα	δέδομαι	ἐδόθην
-ἵημι	send	(√ἑ)	-ἥσω	-ἧκα	-εἷκα	-εἷμαι	-εἵθην
ἵστημι	stand	(√στα)	στήσω	ἔστην	ἕστηκα	ἕσταμαι	ἐστάθην
κίχρημι	lend	(√χρα)	χρήσω	ἔχρησα	(κέχρηκα)	(κέχρημαι)	—
ὀνίνημι	benefit	(√ὀνα)	ὀνήσω	ὠνάμην	—	—	(ὠνήθην)
πίμπλημι	fill	(√πλα)	πλήσω	ἔπλησα	(πέπληκα)	(πέπλησμαι)	ἐπλήσθην
πίμπρημι	burn	(√πρα)	πρήσω	(ἔπρησα)	—	(πέπρησμαι)	(ἐπρήσθην)
τίθημι	place	(√θε)	θήσω	ἔθηκα	τέθεικα	τέθειμαι	ἐτέθην

 

C3.2 ADD -λυ (after λ), -νυ (after any other consonant) or -ννυ (after a vowel)

ἀμφιέννυμι	clothe	(√ἐ)	(ἀμφιέσω)	(ἠμφίεσα)	—	ἠμφίεσμαι	(ἠμφιέσθην)
ἀπόλλυμι	destroy	(√ὀλ)	ἀπολέσω ἀπολέω	ἀπώλεσα	(ἀπολώλεκα)	ἀπόλωλα	—
δείκνυμι	show	(√δεικ)	δείξω	ἔδειξα	(δέδειχα)	δέδειγμαι	ἐδείχθην
ἐκπετάννυμι	hold out	(√πετα)	ἐκπετάσω	ἐξεπέτασα	—	—	—
ζώννυμι	gird	(√ζω)	ζώσω	ἔζωσα	—	ἔζωσμαι	—
κατάγνυμι	break	(√ϝαγ)	κατεάξω	κατέαξα	—	—	κατεάγην
κεράννυμι	mix	(√κερα)	—	ἐκέρασα	(κεκέρακα)	κεκέρασμαι	(ἐκράθην)
κορέννυμι	fill	(√κορε)	—	(ἐκόρεσα)	—	κεκόρεσμαι	ἐκορέσθην
κρεμάννυμι	hang	(√κρεμα)	—	ἐκρέμασα	—	—	ἐκρεμάσθην
μίγνυμι	mix	(√μιγ)	(μίξω)	ἔμιξα	—	μέμιγμαι	(ἐμίγην)
ὄμνυμι	vow	(√ὀμ)	(ὀμόσω)	ὤμοσα	(ὀμώμοκα)	—	(ὠμόθην)
πήγνυμι	fasten	(√πηγ)	(πήξω)	ἔπηξα	—	—	—
ῥήγνυμι	break up	(√ῥηγ)	ῥήξω	ἔρρηξα	—	—	—
ῥώννυμι	strengthen	(√ῥω)	(ῥώσω)	ἔρρωσα	—	ἔρρωμαι	(ἐρρώσθην)
σβέννυμι	extinguish	(√σβε)	σβέσω	ἔσβεσα	—	—	(ἐσβέσθην)
στρώννυμι	spread	(√στρω)	(στώσω)	ἔστρωσα	—	ἔστρωμαι	—
συζεύγνυμι	join	(√ζευγ)	—	συνέζευξα	—	—	—

 

C3.3 ADD ENDINGS DIRECT TO STEM (SOMETIMES WITH VOWEL LENGTHENING)

δύναμαι	be able	(√δυνα)	δυνήσομαι	—	—	(δεδύνημαι)	ἠδυνήσθην
εἰμί	be	(√ἐσ)	ἔσομαι	—	—	—	—
-εἶμι	go	(√ἰ)	—	—	—	—	—
ἐπίσταμαι	understand	(√στα)	—	—	—	—	—
κάθημαι	sit down	(√ἡσ)	καθήσομαι	—	—	—	—
κεῖμαι	lie down	(√κει)	κείσομαι	—	—	—	—
φημί	say	(√φα)	—	—	—	—	—

 

C3.4-C3.7 TAKE -ω NOT -μι IN THE PRESENT TENSE, AND:

 

C3.4 ADD –ιν

-βαίνω

go

(√βα)

-βήσομαι

-ἔβην

-βέβηκα

(-βέβαμαι)

-ἐβάθην)

 

C3.5 REDUPLICAIE IN .ι AND ADD -σκ

γινώσκω

know

(√γνο)

γνώσομαι

ἔγνων

ἔγνωκα

ἔγνωμαι

ἐγνώσθην

 

C3.6 ADD -ν

δύνω

sink

(√δυ)

(δύσω)

ἔδυν

—

—

—

 

C3.7 ADD ENDINGS DIRECT TO THE STEM

φύω

grow up

(√φυ)

(φύσω)

(ἔφυν)

—

—

ἐφύην

 

C3.8 CONCERNING THE FEATURES OF THE VERBS OF THE THIRID CONJUGATION

 

C3.81 A hyphen in front of a word (e.g., -βαίνω) indicates that this is the simplex form of the verb, but that the verb is only found in the New Testament in compounds. Where a dash occurs in this Synopsis, it indicates that no form derived from that particular Principal Part occurs in the United Bible Societies’ Edition of the New Testament, either for the simplex or compound form of that verb. However, some forms are given in this synopsis even though no derived forms from them occur in the New Testament, where these are of interest or of help in understanding the pattern of the verb - brackets indicate such a form. (The root is also given in brackets and indicated by the sign √ — see #C3.84.)

 

C3.82 The foregoing is a Synopsis of all the verbs found in the New Testament which have a lexical form ending in -μι and/or which form their aorist active by adding the Third Conjugation endings directly to the verb stem or root. The fact of the matter was, however, that this Conjugation was breaking down in New Testament times and assimilating to the First Conjugation, so that it can be seen from the Synopsis that there were only five verbs which followed the aorist pattern of the Third Conjugation: ἵστημι, -βαίνω, δύνω, γινώσκω and φύω. Of these, φύω is a verb with a Third Conjugation aorist active, but no forms from this flexion actually occur in the New Testament; and there is only one occuffence (in Mark l:32) of a form from the aorist of δύνω. This means that the aorist indicative active bf the Third Declension is represented in the New Testament by only three verbs, ἵστημι, -βαίνω and γινώσκω, together with the occurrence of one third aorist form from δίδωμι (παρέδοσαν in Luke 1:2, where Luke is very consciously using the classical form in his Prologue). As shown in the Conspectus, #C6, the Third Conjugation aorist active does occur for some verbs in other modes. All other Third Conjugation verbs in the New Testament follow the First Conjugation pattern of λύω for their aorist indicative active. These words are included in the Third Conjugation list because they have a lexical form in -μι, and follow the Third Declension pattern of conjugation for the durative (present and imperfect) tenses. However, in the case of many of these words, they only occur in the New Testament a very small number of times, and none of these occurrences may necessarily be from the distinctive Third Conjugation flexions.

 

Moreover, a number of these words had parallel -ω forms in use in Hellenistic (and New Testament) Greek alongside their -μι forms. But all these words are included here in order that this Synopsis will constitute a complete listing of all the -μι words used in the New Testament.

 

C3.83 On the other hand, some of these words are of very frequent occurrence, both in their simplex forms and also compounded with a wide range of prepositions.

 

C3.84 The root of each verb is given in brackets after its lexical form, with the sign √. Thus it is usually easy to see how the particular durative morph has been added to the verb stem to form the present stem. A number of the verbs are deponent, so their endings are -μαι, not -μι.

 

C3.85 The three verbs δίδωμι, -ἵημι and τίθημι (and only these three) form their aorist active forms in the New Testament by adding -κα, not -σα, to their stem. They thus have the aorist flexion forms ἔδωκα, -ἧκα, and ἔθηκα respectively. These conjugate as first aorist active flexions that follow λύω). These verbs’ forms in -κα are easily distinguished from their reduplicated perfects, δέδωκα, -εἷκα, and τέθεικα respectively.

 

C3.86 The flexions of the Third Conjugation are set out in the Conjugation Conspectus, #C6. In this Conspectus you can see that the third aorist endings (seen in ἵστημι, -βαίνω, γινώσκω and δύνω) are identical with those of the aorist passive, where they have been added to the passive morph. A. T. Robertson, commenting on the voices in Greek, explains: "Originally there was no passive voice, but only active and middle... The passive voice is a later development... In fact, in Greek only two tenses developed separate passive forms (the aorist and the future)... The active and middle had separate endings all through, while the passive had no separate endings at all, but even in the aorist and future had to borrow the active endings for the aorist and the middle for the future, added to a special suffix for these tenses." ³² That is to say, the aorist passive is formed from the active by adding the passive morph -θε- to the stem and then suffixing to this morph (which thereupon lengthens to -θη-) the endings of the third aorist (respectively, -ν, -ς, -∅, -μεν, -τε, -σαν). Thus the passive aorist and the third aorist endings correspond because the aorist passive flexion was built up of the passive morph plus the third aorist paradigm endings. Third Conjugation endings will also be noted on the pluperfect active and the aorist optative passive (these flexions are set out in #C1.11 and #C1.12 respectively).

 

C3.87 It can be seen in the Conspectus that the verbs τίθημι and δίδωμι had third aorist active forms in the plural. However, these had become almost entirely superseded in New Testament times by the first aorist flexions ἔθηκα and ἔδωκα (#C3.85) - as mentioned (#C3.82), a third aorist form from δίδωμι occurs just once in the New Testament, and there are no third aorist forms in the New Testament from τίθημι.

 

C3.88 The verb ἵστημι, "I stand", is unique in possessing both first aorist and third aorist forms in common use, with divergent meanings. The third aorist indicative active flexion ἔστην, and the other aorist modes and forms, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle, are all intransitive, and refer to the subject taking his stand himself. Thus ἔστην is used in the passage where Jesus stood on a level place (Luke 6:17), and in the statement that after the resurrection, Jesus stood in their midst (Luke 24:36). In contrast, the first aorist indicative active flexion ἔστησα, together with the entire durative system (present and imperfect indicative active, present subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle) are all transitive, indicating that the action caries over to an object. Thus ἔστησα used with the meaning "I made to stand, I caused to stand, I set up, I placed in position", with reference to a specific person or thing. In the RSV this use is often translated "set" or "put" - thus the devil set (NRSV "placed") Jesus on the pinnacle of the temple (Matthew 4:5; Luke 4:9); Jesus put a child in the midst of them (Matthew l8:2): the NIV translares respectively, "the devil...made him stand on the highest point of the temple"; "Jesus called a child and had him stand among them".

 

C3.89 There are 34 Second Conjugation verbs and 36 Third Conjugation verbs (a total of 70) in the New Testament. Of the 1,000 different verbs used in the New Testament, the remaining 930 (93%) behave in the New Testament as First Conjugation.

 

C4. VERBS WITH DIRECT FLEXIONS

 

C4.1 THE SO-CALLED "SECOND TENSES"

 

C4.11 The tense stem for a flexion of certain verbs is formed without the morph consonant which is normally used for that tense. As we have seen (#Cl .82), this always happens in the case of the aorist active of liquid verbs, which take -α- and not -σα- as their punctiliar morph (because the -o slides off the liquid). It also occurs in a number of consonant-stem verbs (and one with a vowel stem) in the future middle (deponent), the perfect active and middle/passive, and the aorist passive (and thus in the future passive which is formed from it).

 

C4.12 No special name seems to have been given to this characteristic when it occurs in the aorist active of liquid verbs or of such other verbs as ἦλθα, εἶπα and εἶδα (see #C2 .93), but in the other tenses it is said by numerous grammarians (on the supposed analogy of the second aorist active) to be a "second future", "second perfect", or a "second aorist passive". This is a misleading and confusing choice of terminology. To call something a "second aorist" is a short-hand way of saying that such a flexion follows a "second pattern of conjugating its aorist", in contradistinction from the λύω model, which is the "first" and overwhelmingly more common pattern. Thus a true second aorist has a different set of endings from the first aorist. Now this is unquestionably true of the second aorist active flexion: the aorist flexion of βάλλω (ἔβαλον), does indeed follow a different pattern from the first aorist of λύω (ἔλυσα). But these so-called other "second tenses" simply lack the consonant part of the morph which identifies their aspect or voice (i.e. they contain a shorter alternative morph or allomorph of the usual aspect and/or voice morph). But as far as their endings are concerned, it is a fact that they do not differ in any way from the regular paradigms of the First Conjugation.

                                                            

C4.13 A more accurate approach is to note that these verbs add their distinctive aspect/voice morphs and endings more directly to the tense stem, i.e. without the usual intervening consonant, and a more appropriate descriptive term for them is therefore direct verbs or verbs with a direct tense or direct flexion.

 

C4.14 Direct flexions occur in the future middle (lacking -σ-); in the perfect active (lacking the aspiration of the consonant if the stem ends in a labial, palatal or dental, or the -κ- in other cases); or in the aorist passive/future passive (lacking the -θ-).

 

C4.15 The following Synopsis gives the complete list of all direct flexions of verbs found in the New Testament (other than the first aorist for liquid verbs, for which see #C1.89). Verb roots are given in brackets with the sign √.

 

C4.2 DIRECT FLEXTON FUTURE MIDDLE (DEPONENT) (2)

έσθίω	eat	(√φαγ)	φάγομαι	ἔφαγον	—	—	—
πίνω	drink	(√πι)	πίομαι	ἔπιον	πέπωκα	—	—

 

C4.3 DIRECT FLEXION PERFECT ACTIVE (9)

ἀκούω	hear	(√ἀκου)	ἀκούσω	ἤκουσα	ἀκήκοα	(ἤκουσμαο)	ἠκούσθην
ἀνοίγω†	open	(√οιγ)	ἀνοίξω	ἀνέῳξα	ἀνέῳγα	ἀνέῳγμαι	ἀνεῳχθην
ἀπόλλυμι	destroy	(√ολ)	ἀπολέσω	ἀπώλεσα	ἀπόλωλα	—	—
γίνομαι	become	(√γεν)	γενήσομαι	ἐγενόμην	γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
ἥκω	be present	(√ἡκ)	ἥξω	ἥξα	ἥκα	—	—
κράζω	cry out	(√κραγ)	κράξω	ἔκραξα/-ον	κέκραγα	—	—
—	know	(√ϝιδ)	—	—	οἶδα	—	—
σήπω	decay	(√σηπ)	(σήψω)	(ἔσηψα)	σέσηπα	—	—
φεύγω	flee	(√φυγ)	φεύξομαι	ἔφυγον	πέφυγα	—	—

†Variant forms occur for this verb: see #4.62, and Matthew 7:7, etc.

 

C4.4 DIRECT FLEXION AORIST/FUTURE PASSIVE (29)

ἀγγέλλω	announce	(√ἀγγελ)	ἀγγελέω	ἤγγειλα	ἤγγελκα	ἤγγελμαι	ἠγγέλην
ἀλλάσσω	change	(√ἀλλαγ)	ἀλλάξω	ἤλλαξα	(ἤλλαχα)
ἁρπάζω	snatch	(√ἁπαζ)	ἁρπάσω	ἥρπασα	ἥρπακα
γράφω	write	(√γραγ)	γράψω	ἔγραψα	γέγραφα
δέρω	thrash	(√δερ)	δερέω	ἔδειρα	—
θάπτω	bury	(√θαφ)	θάψω	ἔθαψα	—
καίω‡	burn	(√καϝ)	καύσω	ἔκαυσα	—
κατάγνυμι‡	break	(√ϝαγ)	κατέαξω	κατέαξα	—	—
κόπτω	cut	(√κοπ)	κόψω	ἔκαψα
κρύπτω	conceal	(√κρυβ)	(κρύψω)	ἔκρυψα
νύσσω	prick	(√νυγ)	—	ἔνυξα	—	—
πλέκω	weave	(√πλεκ)	(πλέξω)	ἔπλεξα
πλήσσω	strike	(√πληγ)	(πλήξω)	ἔπληξα	—	—
πνίγω	choke	(√πνιγ)	(πνίξω)	ἔπνιξα	—	—
σπείρω	sow	(√σπερ)	σπερέω	ἔσπειρα
στέλλω	send	(√στελ)	στελέω	ἔστειλα			ἐστάλην
στρέφω	turn	(√στρεφ)	στρέψω	ἔστρεψα	—		ἐσφάγην
σφάζω	slaughter	(√σφαγ)	σφάξω	ἔσφαξα	—		ἐσφάγην
τάσσω	appoint	(√ταγ)	τάξω	ἔταξα			ἐτάγην
-τρέπω	turn	(√τρεπ)	(τρέψω)	-ἔτρεψα	—		-ἐτράπην
τρέφω	nourish	(√θρεφ)	(θρέψω)	ἔθρεψα	—		ἐτράφην
-τρίβω	rub	(√τριβ)	-τρίψω	-έτριψα			-ἐτρίβην
φαίνω	shine/appear	(√φαν)	φανέομαι	ἔφανα	—	—	ἐφάνην
φθείρω	ruin	(√φθερ)	φθερέω	ἔφθειρα			ἐφθάρην
φράσσω	close up	(√φραγ)	(φράξω)	ἔφραξα	—	—	ἐφράγην
φύω	grow up	(√φυ)	(φύσω)	(ἔφυν)	—	—	ἐφύην
χαίρω	rejoice	(√χαρ)	χαρήσομαι	—	—	—	ἐχάρην
ψύχω	cool down	(√ψυχ)	(ψύξω)	ἔψυξα	—	—	ἐψύγην

‡ Re verbs with digamma (ϝ): see #C8.7.

 

C4.5 CONCERNING VERBS WITH DIRECT FLEXIONS

 

C4.51 A direct flexion form is an irregular verb form because it is not possible to predict from the verb's lexical form that that particular form will occur.

 

C4.52 The foregoing is a complete list of all the direct flexions which actually occur in the New Testament. There are numbers of other verbs used in the New Testament which have direct flexions but which are not included here because no form from such a direct flexion appears in the New Testament. (Examples of such verbs are: with direct perfect active, ἀποκτείνω/ἀπέκτονα, λάμπω/λέλαμπα, λείπω/λέλοιπα; with direct aorist passive, μίγνυμι/ἐμίγην, ῥέω/ἐρρύην, σύρω/ἐσύρην.)

 

C4.53 Several of the words with an aorist passive direct flexion are also found with the regular forms in use as well. Thus for ἁρπάζω both ἡρπάγην and ἡρπάσθην were in use; and similarly for γράφω (ἐγράφην/ἐγράφθην); δέρω (ἐδάρην/ἐδάρθην); τάσσω (-ετάγην/-τάχθην); -τρίβω (-ετρίβην/-ετρίφθην).

 

C4.54 Numbers of verbs do not take -κα in the perfect active, but instead aspirate the final stem consonant. Grammarians have frequently grouped these with the direct flexion perfects and also called them "second perfects". This is a misclassification, and arises from a failure in phonemic analysis of the language. The phoneme, "aspiration plus -α" as an allomorph of -κα as the perfect active morph, is completely regular. It is in accordance with simple, straightforward phonemic rules (see #10.45 and #82.6) and thus is predictable for all regular verbs. There is therefore no basis for classifying verbs of this kind with irregular (i.e., unpredictable) verbs forms. Examples of verbs with this completely regular perfect active can be seen from #C4.4 (which lists those with a direct flexion - and thus, irregular - aorist passive): a labial plus -κα aspirates to -φα as in γράφω → γέγραφα, κόπτω → κέκοφα, κρύπτω → κέκρυφα, τρίβω + τέτριφα; a palatal (including -σσ) plus -κα aspirates to -χα, as in ἀλλάσσω → ἤλλαχα, πλέκω → πέπλεχα, τάσσω → τέταχα. Similarly if the stem ends ιn -χ: ἄρχω → ἦρχα. (See the paradigms for labial stem and palatal stem verbs, #C1.5 and #C1.6.)

 

C5. VERBS WHICH TAKE TWO ASPECT MORPHS

 

C5.O FEATURES OF THIS GROUP OF VERBS

 

C5.01 Greek contains a number of verbs which are conjugational hybrids: like verbs of the Second and Third Conjugations (#C2 and #C3), they add a durative aspect morph in the formation of their present/imperfect tense system, and in addition, like verbs of the First Conjugation (#C1), they add the punctiliar aspect morph -σα (-α for liquids) in forming the aorist.

 

C5.02 Because their aorist thus formed is a first aorist, they are to be classified as verbs of the First Conjugation.

 

C5.03 The durative morphs that they add are similar to those used by Second and/or Third Conjugation verbs in the same way.

 

C5.04 Those with verb stems in -λ double the -λ in accordance with the regular rule for liquids (#C1.83), and those with present stems in -αιρ, -ειρ, -αιν, and -ειν have added the infix -ι- in the formation of the present stem (#C1.84).This -λ- or -ι- (as the case may be) is a durative morph in the verb in which it occurs, and it indicates that the verb form in which it occurs is from that verb's durative aspect system. This durative infix -ι- in the present/imperfect tenses is a totally different morph from the punctiliar infix -ι- which occurs together with -α as the punctiliar morph in those liquid verbs which have -ε- as the stem vowel before the liquid: see #C1.85(a) for details of these.

 

C5.05 All the verbs occurring in the New Testament which take both a durative and a punctiliar aspect morph are given in the following Synopsis, grouped according to the particular durative aspect morph that they take.

 

C5.1 REDUPLICATΕ IN -ι-

βιβρώσκω	consume	(√βρω)	—	—	βέβρωκα	—	—
ἐνδιδύσκω	clothe in	(√ἐνδυ)	—	—	—	—	—
μιμνήσκω	remember	(√μνη)	μνήσω	ἔμνησα	—	μέμνημαι	ἐμνήσθην
πιπράσκω	sell	(√πρα)	—	—	πέπρακα	πέπραμαι	ἐπράθην

 (These have also added -σκ, and so are listed again in #C5.5.)

 

C5.2 DOUBLE THE -λ

(The nine verbs in this category are listed under First Conjugation in #C1.83, and their Principal Parts are given in the list of liquid verbs in #C1.89.)

 

C5.3 ADD -ν (alone, or with other letters)

 

C5.31 ADD -ν

αὐξάνω	increase	(√αὐξα)	αὐξήσω	ηὔξησα	(ηὔξηκα)	(ηὔξημαι)	ηὐξήθην
βλαστάνω	sprout	(√βλαστα)	(βλαστήσω)	ἐβλάστησα	(βεβλάστηκα)	—	—
τίνω	pay	(√τι)	τίσω	—	—	—	—
φθάνω	precede	(√φθα)	(φθάσω)	ἔφθασα	ἔφθασα	—	—

 

C5.32 ADD -νν

-χύννω

pour

(√χυ)

—

—

-κέχυκα

-κέχυμαι

-ἐχύθην

 

C5.33 ADD –ιν

κερδαίνω

gain

(√κερδα)

κερδήσω

ἐκέρδησα

—

—

ἐκερδήθην

 

C5.34 ADD -υν

ἐλαύνω

drive

(√ἐλα)

ἐλάσω

ἤλασα

ἐλήλακα

—

—

 

C5.4 ADD -ε

-ωθέω

thrust

(√ὠθ)

(-ώσω)

-ὦσα

—

—

—

                       

C5.5 ADD -ισκ (after a consonant) OR -σκ (after a vowel)

ἀναλίσκω	destroy	(√ἀναλο)	ἀναλώσω	ἀνήλωσα	—	—	ἀνηλώθην
ἀρέσκω	please	(√ἀρε)	ἀρέσω	ἤρεσα	—	—	—
βιβρώσκω	consume	(√βρω)	—	—	βέβρωκα	—	—
βόσκω	feed	(√βο)	—	—	—	—	—
γαμίσκω	marry	(√γαμ)	—	—	—	—	—
γηράσκω	grow old	(√γηρα)	(γηράσω)	ἐγήρασα	—	—	—
διδάσκω	teach	(√διδακ)	διδάξω	ἐδίδαξα	—	—	ἐδιδάχθην
ἐνδιδύσκω	clothe in	(√ἐνδυ)	—	—	—	—	—
ἐπιφαύσκω	shine upon	(√ἐπιφαυ)	ἐπιφαύσω	—	—	—	—
ἐπιφώσκω	dawn	(√ἐπιφω)	—	—	—	—	—
ἱλάσκομαι	propitiate	(√ἱλα)	—	—	—	—	ἱλάσθην
μεθύσκομαι	get drunk	(√μεθυ)	—	—	—	—	ἐμεθύσθην
μιμνήσκω	remember	(√μνη)	μνήσω	ἔμνησα	—	μέμνημαι	ἐμνήσθην
πιπράσκω	sell	(√πρα)	—	—	πέπρακα	πέπραμαι	ἐπράθην
φάσκω	assert	(√φα)	—	—	—	—	—

           

C5.6 ADD INFIX -ι- TO THE STEM

(The 27 verbs in this category are all listed in #C1.84, and their Principal Parts are given in the list of liquid verbs in #C1.89.)

 

C5.7 ADD -τ TO VERB IN -π

These verbs have the same form as καλύπτω, and follow its paradigm (see #C1.5), losing the -τ outside the durative system and following the usual pattern of labial stem verbs. Three (θάπτω, κόπτω, κρύπτω) have direct flexions in the aorist passive, and are included in the list in #C4.4. These are the eighteen verbs which add -τ as a durative morph:

 

ἅπτω	light	θάπτω	bury	κύπτω	stoop
ἀσράπτω	flash	καλύπτω	cover	νίπτω	wash
βάπτω	dip	κάμπτω	bend	ῥίπτω	cast down
βλάπτω	harm	κλέπτω	steal	σκάπτω	dig
ἐπιράπτω	sew on	κόπτω	cut	συνθρύπτω	break
ἐπισκέπτομαι	visit	κρύπτω	conceal	τύπτω	strike/hit

 

C6. CONSPECTUS OF THB THREE CONJUGATIONS

 

C6.O CONSPECTUS COVERAGE

 

C6.01 This Conspectus shows in parallel columns the various conjugations (and paradigms within a Conjugation, to the extent that they exhibit differences) for each tense.

 

C6.02 At the top of each of the two main sections of the Conspectus is given the Paradigm Number for each paradigm that is set out there, and the Paradigm Number is followed by the root for the model verb of that paradigm.

 

C6.03 Numbers of forms are given in this Conspectus which do not occur in the New Testament. These forms are included here for three main reasons: Firstly, the most effective way of mastering these paradigms is, for many students, not by rote learning but by gaining an overall appreciation of the pattern of word formation, and this is more easily seen when all the forms are set out. Secondly, when a student is analysing a form in the New Testament text and trying to track it down, frequently the easiest way he can rule out some of the possibilities that he is considering is for him to be able to look up what those forms would be and thus confirm that (and how) they differ from the one on which he is working. Thirdly, many of the forms which do not occur in the New Testament are found in the Septuagint and/or other koinē Greek writings outside the New Testament, and those students who progress in due course to reading these other writings will find it useful to have the forms set out here.

 

C6.1 PRESENT TENSE PARADIGMS

 

C6.11 Those set out in the Conspectus are:

 

First Conjugation	Second Conjugation	Third Conjugation
C1.1 λύω	(C2 follows λύω	C3.1a ἵστημι
C1.2 τιμάω	exactly and therefore	C3.1b τίθημι
C1.3 λαλέω	does not need to be	C3.1c δίδωμι
C1.4 πληρόω	set out.)	C3.2 δείκνυμι
(C1.5 to C1.9 follow		C3.3 εἰμί
λύω exactly and		(C3.4 to C3.6 follow λύω
therefore do not need		exactly and therefore do
to be set out.)		not need to be set out.)

 

C6.12 After the Present Indicative for both Active and Middle Voice in the Conspectus is set out the Imperfect, which differs from it in meaning only in having past time reference.

 

C6.13 The First Conjugation form consists, in each instance, of the Present stem (in the verbs given in C1.1 to C1.4, this corresponds with the verb root), to which is added the neutral morph –ο/ε- and the pronoun suffix. Where the stem ends in a short vowel (-α, -ε, -ο) this short vowel contracts with the neutral morph according to the rules of contraction (#E2.2).

 

C6.14 Note the similarities and differences in the forms of the Infinitive. All these forms can be explained on the basis of these rules: (a) When the verb takes the neutral morph (i.e. in the First and Second Conjugations), this is added to the stem first, and contracts with it if it ends in a short vowel. (b) For Middle forms, add the Middle Voice morph, -σθ-. (c) Now add the Infinitive morph: if being added directly to the neutral morph (whether this has contracted or not), this Infinitive morph is -σεν which then loses the -σ- by syncopation (#E2.5), after which the -ε- of -εν contracts with the vowel which precedes it; in all other instances add -ναι to a preceding vowel (as in the Third Conjugation active infinitives) or -αι to a preceding consonant (as in all Middle infinitives).

 

C6.15 The following generalisations concerning the Third Conjugation only apply in part to εἰμί, which exists solely in the Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses, and which has numerous irregular forms.

 

C6.16 The Third Conjugation lexical form consists, in each instance, of the verb’s lexal to which has then been directly added the pronoun suffix. The lexal comprises the root (also called the verb stem) plus the durative morph, which is an infix in the lexal slot. As we have seen (#C3), the durative morph takes different forms for different classes of Third Conjugation verb. For δείκνυμι, this durative morph consists of -νυ, which is added to the root δεικ- in the lexal slot. For ἵστημι, τίθημι and δίδωμι the durative morph consists of reduplication in -ι-. (For ἵστημι, this is not σίστημι, but the initial σ- has been lost and replaced by a rough breathing.)

 

C6.17 In the Third Conjugation Indicative Active singular of both Present and Imperfect, the short vowel of the root has been lengthened to either the equivalent long vowel or to a diphthong. In the Indicative active plurals and in all Middle forms this short vowel remains, and the pionounlndings have not affected it.

 

C6.18 The flexions of the Third Conjugation Subjunctive Mode (both Active and Middle) follow the pattern of λύω: the subjunctive morph consists of the addition to the lexal of a lengthened neutral morph, to which are then added in turn the usual pronoun endings used in the subjunctive (which are identical with the pronoun endings for the present of λύω). As for λύω, a -ι- in the pronoun ending will be subscript under the lengthened neutral morph. Where the stem ends in a long vowel, this remains uncontracted (as for the present Active and Middle of δείκνυμι); where the stem ends in a short vowel (as for ἵστημι, τίθημι and δίδωμι), this contracts with the long vowel of the Subjunctive endings. Notice that the contraction of -ο- with -η- will produce -ω-, as in the subjunctive flexions of δίδωμι. Allowing for the effect of this contraction in the case of δίδωμι, Third Conjugation Present Subjunctives have the same endings as λύω.

 

C6.19 Note that the Present Active Optative of εἰμί is εἴην. This follows the conjugation of ἔστην (the Third Aorist Indicative Active of ἵστημι), though on occasions, in the usage of some writers, the -η- in the plural is absorbed by the -ει diphthong through contraction. However, in the New Testament the only optative form of εἰμί which occurs is the third person singular εἴη (twelve times).

 

C6.2 AORIST TENSE PARADIGMS

 

C6.21 Those set out in the Conspectus are:

 

First Conjugation	Second Conjugation	Third Conjugation
C1.1 λύω	C2 βάλλω	C3.1a ἵστημι
(C1.2 to C1.7 follow the	(All second aorists	C3.1b τίθημι
conjugation of λύω	follow the conjugation	C3.1c δίδωμι
exactly and therefore do	of βάλλω)	C3.2 δείκνυμι
not need to be set out.		C3.4 βαίνω
C1.8 and C1.9 follow λύω		C3.5 γινώσκω
but with -α not -σα as the		C3.6 δύνω
punctiliar morph - see		(There is no aorist for
Liquid Verbs, #Cl.82.)		C3.3, εἰμί.)

 

C6.22 Note that the Second Conjugation adds the neutral morph to its lexal before taking its distinctive endings. In the Second Conjugation Indicative, the same endings are taken by the Imperfect and the Aorist, so that the only difference between the two flexions for a Second Conjugution verb is the durative morph which these verbs add in forming their Present stem. For βἀλλω this           is the second -λ which is added to the verb root βαλ- as an infix into the lexal slot. Thus the Imperfect and Aorist Active and Middle flexions for βάλλω are:

           

ACTIVE		MIDDLE
Imperfect	Aorist	Imperfect	Aorist
ἔβαλλον	ἔβαλον	ἐβαλλόμην	ἐβαλόμην
ἔβαλλες	ἔβαλες	ἐβάλλου	ἐβάλου
ἔβαλλε(ν)	ἔβαλε(ν)	ἐβάλλετο	ἐβάλετο
ἐβάλλομεν	ἐβάλομεν	ἐβαλλόμεθα	ἐβαλόμεθα
ἐβάλλετε	ἐβάλετε	ἐβάλλεσθε	ἐβάλεσθε
ἔβαλλον	ἔβαλον	ἐβάλλοντο	ἐβάλοντο

Similarly, the second -λ is the only difference between the Present and Aorist flexions for the other modes of the verbs.

 

C6.23 Only the plural forms of the third aorist flexions of τίθημι and δίδωμι were in use, and these were rare in New Testament times. Instead, the usual aorist forms of these verbs were first aorist flexions, ἔθηκα and ἔδωκα (#C3.85, #C3.87). Moreover, δείκνυμι has only a first aorist flexion, ἔδειξα. Bit ἵστημι has both the third aorist flexion ἔστην and the first aorist flexion ἔστησα with different meanings. (For a fuller discussion, see #C3.82 and #C3.87.) There are also two forms of the Perfect Participle of ἵστημι: ἑστώς (given in the Conspectus), and ἑστηκώς (follows λελυκώς, from λύω), and there are thus two forms of the Perfect Subjunctive Active, using these two participles respectively. Both participles have the same meaning, "standing" (intrlnsitive). (For the full flexion of ἑστώς, see #D5.33.)

 

C6.24 The rules for the formation of the Present Intinitives (#C6.14) also explain the Aorist Infinitives. Note that in the Active, the second aorist takes the neutral morph and then the infinitive ending, and thus in accordance with Rule (c) in #C6.14 this is first -σεν, becoming -εν after the σ drops out. This in turn gives –εῖν (after contraction with the neutral morph). Thus, for βάλλω: βαλ-ε-σεν → βαλ-ε-εν → βαλεῖν. In no other aorist infinitive is the infinitive morph added to the neutral morph, so for the first and third aorist active infinitives and for all aorist middle and passive infinitives the infinitive morph is always -ναι (if added to a vowel) or -αι (if added to a consonant, including the -σ- of the aorist morph -σα- when the -α- is lost by elision before the -αι).

 

C6.25 Two forms of the 2nd Singular Aorist Active Imperative are found for both ἵστημι and βαίνω. Both alternatives are given in the Conspectus.

 

C6.26 The flexions of the aorist Subjunctive Mode follow the same differing pattern between the Conjugations as for the Indicative.

 

(a) A First Conjugation verb has (by definition) a lexal which is inherently durative (#3.68), and forms its aorist tense by adding a "switching" morph, the punctiliar morph -σα-, in the aspect slot, Slot 7 (#C0.11). This switches the verb’s aspect from durative to punctiliar. The Active and Middle flexions of the aorist subjunctive are formed by adding this -σα- in front of the lengthened neutral morph in each of the forms of the present subjunctive, and the -α- then elides.

(b) A Second Conjugation verb has (by definition) a lexal which is inherently punctiliar (#3.68), and forms its aorist tense by adding the neutral morph (#C0.11), which leaves its aspect unaltered. In the Active and Middle flexions of the aorist subjunctive, this neutral morph is lengthened, and the same pronoun endings are added as in the First Conjugation aorist subjunctive.

(c) A Third Conjugation verb has (by definition) a lexal which is inherently punctiliar (#3.68), and it forms its aorist tense by adding the endings directly to its lexal, which, for the subjunctive, is the verb's root. Thus in the subjunctive, the lengthened neutral morph of the subjunctive plus the standard subjunctive pronoun endings are added to the verb's root. When this root ends in a long vowel, no contraction occurs (see #C3.6, δύω); where the root ends in a short vowel this vowel contracts with the lengthened neutral morph and the contraction is marked with a circumflex. Notice that the contraction of -ο- with -η- will produce -ω-, as in the aorist subjunctive flexions of δίδωμι and γινώσκω. Allowing for the effect of this contraction in the case of δίδωμι and γινώσκω, Third Conjugation Present Subjunctives have the same endings as λύω. (Both δίδωμι and γινώσκω also have alternative irregular third person singular forms in –οῖ.)

 

C6.27 Greek tends to avoid having two aspirates commencing successive syllables: hence in the Aorist Passive τίθημι does not become (as would be expected) ἐθέθην but the first -θ- is deaspirated, giving the form ἐτέθην. Similarly also, θάπτω (#C4.4). For a fuller treatment of deaspiration, see #E2.8.

 

C6.28 Second and Third Conjugation aorists differ from the First Conjugation only in the Active and Middle. The verbs of all thrJe Conjugations are Third Conjugation in the Aorist Passive - that is, they take the passive morph and then add the third aorist endings directly (without an aspect morph). (Re "second aorist passives", see #C4.12.)

 

C6.29 It will be noted that numbers of Third Conjugation forms do not follow the Short Vowel Lengthening Rule (#82.31), but the stem vowel remains short instead.

 

C1.1 √λυ-	C1.2 √τιμα-	C1.3 √λαλε-	C1.4 √πληρο	C3.1a √στα-	C3.1b √θε-	C3.1c √δο-	C3.2 √δεικ-	C3.3 √ἐσ-
PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
λύω	τιμῶ	λαλῶ	πληρῶ	ἵστημι	τίθημι	δίδωμι	δείκνυμι	εἰμί
λύεις
λύει
λύομεν
λύετε
λύουσι(ν)
Imperfect
ἔλυον
ἔλυες
ἔλυε(ν)
ἐλύομεν
ἐλύετε
ἔλυον
PRESENT ACTIVE: SUBJUNCTIVE
λύω				ἱστῶ
λύῃς				ἱστῇς
λύῃ				ἱστῇ
λύωμεν				ἱστῶμεν
λύητε				ἱστῆτε
λύωσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	λαλῶσι(ν)	πληρῶσι(ν)	ἱστῶσι(ν)
PRESENT ACTIVE: OPTATIVE
Only λύω and εἰμί have any forms of the Present Active Optative in the New Testament:
λύοιμι
PRESENT ACTIVE: IMPERATIVE
λῦε
λυέτω
λύετε
λυέτωσαν
PRESENT ACTIVE: INFINITIVE
λύειν	τιμᾶν
PRESENT ACTIVE: PARTICIPLE
λύων	τιμῶν	λαλῶν	πληρῶν	ἱστάς	τιθείς
λύουσα	τιμῶσα	λαλοῦσα	πληροῦσα	ἱστᾶσα	τιθεῖσα
λῦον
λύοντος (D5.11)

 

C1.1 √λυ-	C1.2 √τιμα-	C1.3 √λαλε-	C1.4 √πληρο	C3.1a √στα-	C3.1b √θε-	C3.1c √δο-	C3.2 √δεικ-
PRESENT MIDDLE: INDICATIVE
λύομαι						δίδομαι	δείκνυμαι
λύῃ						δίδοσαι	δείκνυσαι
λύεται						δίδοται	δείκνυται
λυόμεθα						διδόμεθα	δεικύμεθα
λύεσθε						δίδοσθε	δείκνυσθε
λύονται	τιμῶνται	λαλοῦνται	πληροῦνται	ἵστανται	τίθενται	δίδονται	δείκνυνται

 

C7. DEPONENT VERBS

 

C7.1 A number of Greek verbs do not have active forms in use and are found only in the middle and/or passive, but with active meaning. These are called deponent verbs (meaning 'set aside", the active being no longer used).

 

C7.2 With these are usually classified a number of verbs that are frequently deponent (that is, used in the middle or passive, but with active meaning) but which may also be found in the active (for example, εὐαγγελίζομαι “preach the gospel”), and others which are not found in the active but which have a “middle”-type meaning (for example, ἀπολογέομαι, “defend oneself in an argument”) or a passive sense δαιμονίζομαι, “be demon-possessed”), and also others that do exist in the active but with a different meaning (for example, ἅπτω, “light” / ἅπτομαι, “touch”; ἄρχω, “rule” / ἄρχομαι, “begin”; see #6.17).

 

C7.3 It is important that when you are reading the Greek New Testament you are able to recognise a deponent verb, especially one with active meaning, so that you can take account of this meaning.

 

C7.4 Verbs that are deponent in the present are (almost without exception) deponent in the other tenses also-. (the only exceptions to note are that γίνομαι is γέγονα in the perfect, and the suppletive ἔρχομαι has active aorist and perfect forms from ἐλθ-; ἦλθον and ἐλήλυθα).

 

C7.5 The following list contains all the deponents which occur in the New Testament ten times or more, apart from those that are compounds where the simplex verb is not deponent. Some verbs occurring less than ten times are also included where they are of interest for some other reason. Second and Third Conjugation verbs are indicated by the figures ² and ³ respectively. A cross reference is given for verbs listed elsewhere in this Appendix as well (where the Principal Parts are given).

 

²αἰσθάνομαι	(#C2.33)	undersrand
αἰσχύνομαι	(#C1.89)	be ashamed
ἅλλομαι	(#C1.89)	leap/spring
ἀμύνομαι	(#C1.89)	come to help
ἀποκρίνομαι	(#Cl.9c)	answer/respond
ἀπολογέομαι		defend oneself
ἅπτομαι	(#c5.7)	touch
ἀρνέομαι		deny
ἄρχομαι	(#6.17)	begin
ἀσπάζομαι		greet
²ἀφικνέομαι	(#C2.32)	reach
βούλομαι	(#C1.89)	want
γεύομαι		taste
²γίνομαι	(#C2.l)	become
δαιμονίζομαι		be demon-possessed
δέομαι	(#C8.76)	entreat/beseech
δέχομαι		receive
³δύναμαι	(#C3.3)	be able
ἐμβριμάομαι		be moved with anger
ἐντέλλομαι	(#C1.89)	command
ἐπαγγέλλομαι	(#C1.8a)	promise
ἐπισκέπτομαι	(#C5.7)	care for/visit
³ἐπίσταμαι	(#C3.3)	understand
ἐργάζομαι	(#C8.74)	work
²ἔρχομαι	(#C2.8)	come
εὐαγγελίζομαι		preach the gospel
εὔχομαι		pray
ἐφάλλομαι	(#C2.2)	jump on
ἡγέομαι		think/lead
θεάομαι	(#C1.48)	look at
ἰάομαι	(#C1.48)	heal
ἱλάσκομαι	(#C5.5)	propitiate
³κάθημαι	(#C3.3)	sit down
καταράομαι	(#C1.48)	curse
καυχάομαι		boast
³κεῖμαι	(#C3.3)	lie down
κοιμάομαι		sleep
³κολλάομαι		join/cleave to
λογίζομαι		account/reckon
λυμαίνομαι	(#C1.89)	harass/desrroy
μαίνομαι	(#C1.89)	be insane
μαρτύρομαι	(#C1.89)	testify
μεθύσκομαι	(#C5.5)	get drunk
μεταμέλομαι	(#C1.89)	regret
μοιχάομαι		commit adultery
ὁμείρομαι	(#C1.89)	yearn for
ὀρχέομαι		dance
πορεύομαι		go/journey
²πυνθάνομαι	(#C2.34)	inquire
ῥύομαι		rescue/deliver
ῥυπαίνομαι	(#C1.89)	be impure
σαίνομαι	(#C1.89)	be disturbed
σέβομαι		worship
σπλαγχνίζομαι		have compassion
φείδομαι
φοβέομαι
χαρίζομαι
χράομαι
ψεύδομαι

 

C7.6 There are a number of verbs which are deponent only in their future tense, and have active forms in the present and the other tenses. Because of this special feature, these verbs need to be carefully noted. There are fourteen verbs which have deponent future forms in the New Testament. (A number of other verbs which occur in the New Testament but not in the future tense are not included here, though they have deponent futures in literature outside the New Testament.)

αἱρέω	αἱρήσομαι	(#C2.8)	take away	ὁράω	ὄψομαι	(#C2.8)	see
-βαίνω	-βήσομαι	(#C3.41)	go	πίνω	πίομαι	(#C2.31)	drink
γινώσκω	γνώσομαι	(#C3.5)	know	πίπτω	πεσέομαι	(#C2.1)	fall
εἰμί	ἔσομαι	(#C3.3)	be	τίκτω	τέξομαι	(#C2.1)	give birth to
ἐσθίω	φάγομαι	(#C2.8)	eat	φαίνω	φανέομαι	(C1.89)	shine/appear
θνῄσκω	θανέομαι	(#C2.4)	die	φεύγω	φεύξομαι	(#C2.5)	flee
λαμβάνω	λήμψομαι	(#C2.34)	take	χαίρω	χαρήσομαι	(#C1.89)	rejoice

 

C7.7 Rarely, one encounters a reverse deponent - an active form with passive meaning. One such is ἀπόλωλα, the direct flexion perfect active from ἀπόλλυμι (#C4.3), meaning "I have been destroyed", which is passive (see #C3.2).

 

C8. IRREGULAR VERBS

 

C8.0 REGULARITY AND IRREGULARITY IN VERBS

 

C8.01 A general description can be given of how the Greek verb behaves in constructing all its forms. The behaviour of most flexions of most verbs can be covered by such a description, and a verb is said to be regular if all its forms are derived from its lexical form with complete regularity in accordance with such a general description of verb behaviour.

 

C8.02 Such a general description includes descriptive phonemic rules ³³. These are rules which describe the effect upon a particular tense or form which results because the verb's stem ends in one phoneme (or sound, represented by a letter) rather than another. Thus the descriptive rules can be stated to cover all the different phoneme groups of a language. An example of such a rule is the Short Vowel Stem Rule, in its two parts: “A short vowel stem verb (a) lengthens this short vowel when it adds a morph that begins with a consonant, and (b) contracts this short vowel with the following vowel when it adds a morph that begins with a vowel” (see #E2.11,#E2.31). Another descriptive rule will cover the pattern of this vowel contraction. Similarly, the Labial Amalgamation Rule states, "A final labial amalgamates (a) with a following -σ- to form -ψ-; (b) with a following rough breathing or -κ- to form -χ-" (see #E2.61). And so on. All these descriptive rules have been set out in their appropriate places in this book.

 

C8.03 It can be seen that all the nine paradigms of the First Conjugation are regular, because the differences between them are entirely related to the particular phonemes with which their verb stems end, and can be stated in terms of those phonemes. Thus upon the basis of these descriptive rules, it is possible to know what the form will be for any part of any tense of any regular verb, when you are given the lexical form of that verb.

 

C8.04 This can be summed up by saying that, upon the basis of the descriptive rules, all the forms of all the tenses of a regular verb are entirely and accurately predictable.

 

C8.05 An irregular verb is a verb which has some forms that are not predictable from its lexical form, on the basis of the descriptive rules. ³⁴

 

C8.06 The extent of the irregularity can vary from very small (for example, in the verb αἰνέω, for which the irregularity is only that it does not lengthen its short stem vowel -ε- to -η- informing its various tenses - see #C1.48) to very extensive (for example, in the case of the suppletives - see #C2.8).

 

C8.07 The irregularities of irregular verbs occur in the formation of the tense stem for each of its Principal Parts (see #9.6). Once a particular Principal Part is known, all the forms and flexions derived from that Principal Part will follow regularly, according to the paradigm of the verb's particular Conjugation. Exceptions to this are almost non-existent; the only one of any consequence is the durative aspect of ζάω, live/be alive.

 

C8.08 The durative forms of ζάω, together with the regular forms of τιμάω for comparison, are:

 

PRESENT		IMPERFECT			INFINITIVE
INDICATIVE		INDICATIVE			ζῆν	τιμᾶν
ζῶ	τιμῶ	ἔζων (ἔζην)	ἐτίμων
ζῇς	τιμᾷς	ἔζης	ἐτίμας		PARTICIPLE
ζῇ	τιμᾷ	ἔζη	ἐτιμᾶ	NS M	ζῶν	τιμῶν
ζῶμεν	τιμῶμεν	ἐζῶμεν	ἐτιμῶμεν	F	ζῶσα	τιμῶσα
ζῆτε	τιμᾶτε	ἐζῆτε	ἐτιμάτε	N	ζῶν	τιμῶν
ζῶσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	ἔζων	ἐτίμων	GS M/N	ζῶντος	τιμῶντος

 

For both ζάω and τιμάω the present subjunctive of each verb is identical with its respective present indicative flexion. No forms of the optative or imperative of ζάω occur in the New Testament. It will be noticed that the “irregularity” of ζάω is that it has -η- in its ending wherever τιμάω has -α-. This arises because the root of the verb is in fact ζη- rather than ζα-

 

C8.09 Iregular verbs can be classified according to the nature of the irregularity. Many of the various categories or groups of irregular verbs have already been discussed in this Appendix.

 

C8.1 SHORT VOWEL STEM VERBS WHICH DO NOT LENGTHEN THE VOWEL

 

These have been discussed in #C1.48.

 

C8.2 VERBS WHICH ADD -ε- IN FORMING THE FUTURE AND/OR PERFECT STEM

 

These have been discussed in #C1.88.

 

C8.3 VERBS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS

 

C8.31 Although most verbs of the Second and Third Conjugations follow regular patterns in the formation of their other tense stems from their aorist root, what the Principal Parts will be cannot be predicted in advance, either from the lexical form or from the aorist of a verb. That is, the Principal Parts need to be separately noted for each verb of these Conjugations. Thus, as they have Principal Parts which are unpredictable, these verbs must all be classified as irregular.

 

C8.32 The verbs of the Second and Third Conjugations found in the New Testament are listed and discussed in C2 and C3 respectively.

 

C8.4 VERBS WITH DIRECT FLEXIONS/TWO ASPECT MORPHS

 

Verbs in these two categories have been discussed in #C4 and #C5 respectively.

 

C8.5 DEPONENT VERBS

 

C8.51 Many of these verbs are regular in their forms; their irregularity consists of the fact that they take a middle or passive form with active meaning, instead of an active form. It could be argued however that merely being deponent does not mean that a verb is irregular, as the fact of its being deponent is indicated by the lexical form being middle, not active.

 

C8.52 Some deponent verbs, though, are irregular in other ways. Certainly the verbs that are deponent only in their future (#C7.6) are to be classified as irregular, because this feature is unpredictable from their lexical forms.

 

C8.53 The deponents found in the New Testament are listed and discussed in #C7.

 

C8.6 VERBS WHICH CHANGE THEIR ROOT VOWEL TO ο/α IN THE PERFECT

 

C8.61 Liquid verbs with a monosyllabic root which have -ε- as the vowel in their root regularly change this vowel to -α- in the perfect and/or aorist passive. The seven monosyllabic liquid verbs which occur in the New Testament - and all of which follow this pattern (see #C1.85) - are:

 

ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἀνατελέω	ἀνέτειλα	ἀνατέταλκα	ἀνατέταλμαι	—
ἀποκτείνω	kill	ἀποκτείνω	ἀπέκτεινα	—	—	ἀπεκτάνθην
δέρω	thrash	(δερέω)	ἔδειρα	—	(δέδαρμαι)	ἐδάρθην
ἐντέλλομαι	command	ἐντελέομαι	ἐνετειλάμην	—	ἐντέταλμαι	—
σπείρω	sow	(σπερέω)	ἔσπειρα	(ἔσπαρκα)	ἔσπαρμαι	ἐσπάρην
στέλλω	send	στελέω	ἔστειλα	ἔσταλκα	ἔσταλμαι	ἐστάλην
φθείρω	ruin	φθερέω	ἔφθειρα	(ἔφθαρκα)	ἔφθαρμαι	ἐφθάρην

 

C8.62 Quite a number of other verbs change their stem vowel to -ο- in the perfect active and/or to -α- in the perfect middle/passive (and also, usually, in the aorist passive). Where the -ο- is followed by the -κα- of the perfect active, it lengthens to -ω- in accordance with the Short Vowel Lengthening Rule (#E2.31).

 

C8.63 There are eleven such verbs which occur in the New Testament in a form affected by one or both of these changes, and three other New Testament words (λείπω, πέμπω and τίκτω) the perfect active of which does not actually occur in the New Testament but which are included here for their usefulness in illustrating the change and/or because the perfect is found in other Christian writings of the Hellenistic period. In addition there are two other New Testament words (given in square brackets) which in Hellenistic Greek are found only in the perfect, the present being obsolete.

 

γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	ἐγενόμην	γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
[ἔθω]	be accustomed			εἴωθα
[εἴκω]	be like			ἔοικα
λείπω	leave	λείψω	ἔλιπον ἔλειψα	(λέλοιπα)	λέλειμμαι	ἐλείφθην
πάσχω	suffer		ἔπαθον	πέπονθα
πείθω	persuade	πείσω	ἔπεισα	πέποιθα	πέπεισμαι	ἐπείσθην
πέμπω	send	πέμψω	ἔπεμψα	(πέπομφα)	(πέπεισμαι)	έπέμφθην
πίνω	drink	πίομαι	ἔπιον	πέπωκα		ἐπόθην
πίπτω	fall	πεσέομαι	ἔπεσον ἔπεσα	πέπτωκα
πλέκω	weave	(πλέξω)	ἔπλεξα	(πέπλεχα)	(πέπλεγμαι)	ἐπλάκην
πλήσσω	strike	(πλήξω)	ἔπληξα			-επλάγην
στρέφω	turn	στρέψω	ἔστεψα	(ἔστροφα)	ἔστραμμαι	ἐστράφην
τίκτω	bear	τέξω	ἔτεκον	(τέτοκα)		ἐτέχθην
-τρέπω	turn	(τρέψω)	-έτρεψα	(τέτοφα)	(τέτραμμαι)	ἐτράπην
τρέφω	nourish	(θρέψω)	ἔθρεψα		(τέθραμμαι)	ἐτράφην
φέρω	carry	οἴσω	ἤνεγκον ἤνεγκα	ἐνήοχα		ἠνέχθην

                       

C8.64 When nouns are formed from verbs which have -ε- as their vowel, it is common for such nouns to have -ο- in place of the -ε-. Some examples:

ἀνατολή (ἀνατέλλω); ἀποδοχή (ἀποδέχομαι); ἀποστολος (ἀποστέλλω); ἐντολή (ἐντέλλομαι); ἐπιστολή (ἐπιστελλω); λόγος (λέγω); συνοχή (συνέχω); τροφή (τρέφω); ὑπομονή (ὑπομένω)

           

                                               

C8.7 DIGAMMA VERBS

 

C8.71 In ancient times, a number of Greek words had contained a letter digamma, ϝ (see Footnotes #4 and #5), which dropped out of use well before the period of Hellenistic Greek. When the digamma had been the first letter of a verb root, its disappearance meant that in the past tenses (the imperfect and aorist) the verb form's syllabic augment ε- brought next to the first vowel of the lexal. When the first vowel of the lexal was -ε- or -ι-, the two vowels then contracted in accordance with the regular rules, to give ει-. The verb ϝέλκω ('pull, drag, draw") became ἕλκω after the digamma was dropped; in the imperfect it would originaliy have been ἔϝελκον, after the loss of the digamma, ἔελκον → εἶλκον. So also its aorist form, εἴλκυσα. Similarly, when the perfect flexion lost the reduplicated and initial digamma, the -ε- of the reduplication contracted with the first vowel of the lexal, if -ε- or -ι-, to give ει-. Thus the perfect of ἕλκω is εἵλκυκα (the perfect does not occur in the New Testament, but is found elsewhere).

 

C8.72 There are also verbs with original roots commencing with sigma from which this sigma has been lost: thus an original σέχω'became ἔχω. This situation is similar to that of the loss of a digamma — in such a word as this, the augment in the past tense was also brought next to the -ε- of the lexal, and contracted with it. (For two words - given below - the evidence indicates that they commenced with σϝ, with both consonants being lost.)

 

C8.73 Thus words to which this has happened will have imperfect, aorist, and perfect flexions commencing with ει- (due to the contraction of ε+ε or ε+ι) instead of η- (the augmented ε-) or long ι-(the augmented short ι-). However, when a digamma has dropped out between ε- and a vowel other than -ε- or -ι-, the two vowels do not contract but remain distinct. Thus, in the one verb here where the first vowel of the lexal is -o- (ϝορα-), this has not contracted with the prefixed ε- but each vowel has continued as a separate syllable in both of the alternative perfect forms that occur, ἑόρακα and ἑώρακα. Similarly, the -ε- and -α- do not contract in the flexions of κατάγνυμι after the digamma between them is lost. (This word has an irregular future which retains the -ε- of its aorist forms.)

 

 

C8.74 The eleven verbs found in the New Testament with forms affected in this way are:

 

Present Active	Meaning	Root	Imperfect Active	Future Active	Aorist Active	Perfect Active	Perfect Midd/pass	Aorist Passive
ἐάω	allow	(√ϝα?)	εἴων	ἐάσω	εἴασα	—	—	—
ἐθίζω	accustom	(√σϝεθιζ)	—	—	—	—	εἴθισμαι	—
[ἔθω]	be accusromed	(√σϝεθ)	—	—	—	εἴωθα	—	—
ἑλκόομαι	be covered with sores	(√ϝελκο)	—	—	—	—	εἵλκωμαι	—
ἕλκω	pull/drag	(√ϝελκ)	εἷλκον	ἑλκύσω	εἵλκυσα	(εἵλκυκα)	(εἵλκυσμαι)	(εἱλκύσθην)
ἐργάζομαι	work	(√ϝεργαζ)	εἰργαζόμην†	—	εἰργασάμην	—	εἴργασμαι	εἰργάσθην
[ἔρω]	speak	(√ϝερ)	—	ἐρέω	—	εἴρηκα	εἴρημαι	ἐρρέθην
ἔχω	have	(√σεχ)	εἶχον	ἕξω	ἔσχον	ἔσχηκα	—	—
[ἴδω]	see	(√ϝιδ)	—	—	εἶδον	—	—	—
κατάγνυμι	break	(√ϝαγ)	—	κατεάξω	κατέαξα	—	—	κατεάγην
ὁράω	watch	(√ϝορα)	—	—	—	ἑώρακα ἑόρακα	—	—

 

†In classical Greek. In New Testament Greek, the imperfect had "regularised" to ἠργαζόμην; and ἠργασάμην is found in the New Testament alongside εἰργασάμην in the aorist.

           

In three of these verbs, the present form (given in square brackets) is obsolete, and is not found in Classical/Hellenistic Greek. In this table, if the verb has an imperfect, this is given immediately after the root, before the future. For two verbs the root is conjectural, and it is therefore followed by a question mark. In three verbs the dropped digamma or sigma has been replaced by a rough breathing (ἑλκόομαι, ἕλκω, and ἔχω - see the future); the others however commence with a smooth breathing.

           

C8.75 Verbs which had roots ending in a digamma became modified when the digamma dropped out of Greek. These descriptive rules tell what happened:   

(a) Before vowel endings the digamma was simply omitted, but the vowels thus brought together only contracted in the case of ε+ε and ε+ι (to ει), i.e. not with α, η, ο, ω, οι or ου; and this applies also to all flexion forms.

(b) Before consonant endings the digamma was replaced by upsilon.

(c) Where the stem has -α- before the digamma, then in the present tense this -α- added -ι- as a durative morph in the same way as liquids (#C5.04).

 

These modifications can all be seen clearly exemplified in the verb καίω (#C8.76) - note (a) that it has two alternative forms of the aorist passive, one a regular form with -θ-, and the other a direct flexion (#C4.4); (b) that where the digamma used to occur in the regular form it was before a -θ- and thus has been replaced by -υ- (ἐκαύθην); and (c) that where the digamma used to occur in the direct flexion form it was before a vowel, -η-, and thus simply dropped out but without contraction occurring (ἐκάην).

           

C8.76 The nine verbs of this kind found in the New Testament are:

ἀκούω	hear	(√ἀκοϝ)	ἀκούσω	ἤκουσα	ἀκήκοα	(ἤκουσμαι)	ἠκούσθην
δέομαι	entreat	(√δεϝ)	—	—	—	—	ἐδεήθην
ζέω	boil	(√ζεϝ)	—	—	—	—	—
καίω	burn	(√καϝ)	καύσω	ἔκαυσα	—	κέκαυμαι	ἐκαύθην ἐκάην
κλαίω	weep	(√κλαϝ)	κλαύσω	ἔκλαυσα	—	—	—
πλέω	sail	(√πλεϝ)	(πλεύσω)	ἔπλευσα	—	—	—
πνέω	breathe	(√πνεϝ)	(πνεύσω)	ἔπνευσα	—	—	—
ῥέω	flow	(√ῥεϝ)	ῥεύσω	—	—	—	(ἐρρύην)
-χέω	pour	(√χεϝ)	-χεέω	-έχεα	—	—	—
-χύννω	pour	(√χυϝ)	—	—	(-κέχυκα)	-κεχύμαι	-εχύθην

 

C8.77 It will be seen that -χέω differs from the others in this list by taking the Attic future (see #C8.85); that is, instead of adding -σ- to form the future it adds -ε- as its future morph, like a liquid. Similarly in the aorist it rejects -ο- (again like a liquid), giving the form -έχεϝα and thence -έχεα (instead of -έχεϝσα and thence -έχευσα). It does not contract even -ε- and -ε-. -χύννω is a related verb supplying the other flexions.

 

C8.78 For ἀκούω, the perfect form ἀκήκοα, with reduplication of the initial syllable (see #C8.91), has resulted from loss of the original digamma of a primitive ἀκήκοϝα, the -ο- and -α- continuing as separate syllables, in accordance with the digamma-vowel rule, #C8.75(a), that (except ε+ε and ε+ι), vowels brought together by the disappearance of digamma do not contract. In accordance with the digamma-consonant rule [#C8.75(b)], the digamma was replaced by -υ- before a consonant, that is, in the future, aorist active and aorist passive. But contrary to these rules, the -υ- was then also retained in the present form, ἀκούω.

 

C8.79 As digamma is not present in the documents which have come down to us from the ancient world, its original occurrence in a word is sometimes hypothetical. In many cases, that digamma used to be part of a word is postulated upon strong evidence: for example, occasional inscriptions that are very ancient and contain it; the scanning of a word in a line of verse from Homer which can only be explained on the basis of digamma having originally been present; or a parallel word in Latin which possesses the equivalent "v", such as vidē for Greek ιδ-, see. It needs to be mentioned that in some cases, however, the evidence is less certain, and is based on analogy from similar or parallel words, or simply upon the fact that an original digamma provides a clear logical explanation for word forms that would be difficult to account for on any other basis.

 

C8.8 IRREGULAR ζῆτα VERBS

 

C8.81 Several -ζ verbs in the New Testament do not follow the usual pattern for dental stem verbs of taking -σ- as their future morph and then dropping the -ζ of their root [see the "dental drop-out rule" (#4.55, #C1.7)]. There are two groups of these irregular -ζ verbs: those which comprise the first group behave like palatals in how they form their other tenses; those in the second group behave like liquids in the formation of their future.

 

C8.82 Some -ζ stem verbs are present tense forms which have arisen from an original palatal verb root, and outside the present system they behave like palatal verbs, forming their future and aorist active in -ξ, and aorist passive in -χ- before -θ-, or in -γ- if a direct flexion.

 

C8.83 There are five verbs which have these palatal forms in the New Testament, one of which also has parallel forms in the future and aorist which are formed in the regular way for a dental stem verb.

 

C8.84 These five verbs are:

 

κράζω	cry out	κραγ	κράξω	ἔκραξα ἔκραγον	κέκραγα	—	—
πιάζω	dance, play	παιγ	παίξω	ἔπαιξα	—	—	ἐπαίχθην
στενάζω	groan, sigh	στεναγ	στενάξω	ἐστέναξα	—	—	—
στηρίζω	strengthen	στηριγ	στηρίξω στηρίσω	ἐστήριξα ἐστήρισα	—	ἐστήριγμαι	ἐστηρίχθην
σφάζω	slaughter	σφαγ	σφάξω	ἔσφαξα	—	ἔσφαγμαι	ἐσφάγην

                       

C8.85 In the Attic dialect, verbs in -ζ did not always indicate the future by adding -σ- as the future morph. To quote from Section 665 of Goodwin's Greek Grammar of Classical Greek: "Futures in ισω and ισομαι from verbs in ιζω of more than two syllables regularly drop σ and insert ε; then ιέω and ιέομαι are contracted to ιῶ and ιοῦμαι as κονιζω, carry, κομίσω, (κομιέω) κομιῶ; κομίσομαι, (κομιέομαι) κομιοῦμαι inflected like φιλω, φιλοῦμαι. These forms of future are called Attic, because the pure Attic seldom uses any others in these tenses; but they are found also in other dialects and even in Homer." ³⁵ That is to say, these particular verbs behave as if they had, not a dental stem, but a liquid stem.

 

C8.86 The Attic future is usual in the Septuagint, and is found in the New Testament for a number of these verbs, especially (but not exclusively) in quotations from or allusions to the Septuagint, or passages such as Luke 1:48, in a hymn in the Old Testament style.

 

C8.87 There is one other New Testament verb, -χέω (found only in compounds), which also behaves like a liquid and takes -ε- as its future morph instead of -σ-, and this future morph -ε- then similarly contracts with the neutral morph which is added in the suffix (the contraction being marked by the circumflex accent). Thus the full (uncontracted) future is -χεέω, which contracts to -χεῶ (A9ts 2:17 and 18). This contrasts with the way in which the -ε- of the root resists contracting with suffixes, even those commencing with -ε- (see #C8.77).

 

C8.88 The ten New Testament verbs which are not liquids but which nonetheless are found with -ε- as their future morph, are set out below. Note that (except for the non-ζῆτα verb -χέω they all take -σα- as their punctiliar morph. For the two verbs marked † the regular dental future form is also found in the New Testament: ἀφορίσω in Matthew 25:32 and κομίσω Ephesians 6:8 and Colossians 3:25.

 

ἀφορίζω†	separate	¹ἀφοριέω	ἀφώρισα		ἀφώρισμαι	ἀωρίσθην
ἐγγίζω	draw near	²ἐγγίιέω	ἤγγισα	ἤγγικα	—	—
ἐδαφίζω	raze totally	³ἐδαφιέω	—	—	—	—
ἐλπίζω	hope, expect	⁴ἐλπιέω	ἤλπισα	ἤλπικα	—	—
καθαρίζω	make clean	⁵καθαριέω	ἐκαθάρισα	—	κεκαθάρισμαι	ἐκαθαρίσθην
κομίζω†	bring, get	⁶κομιέω	ἐκόμισα	—	—	—
μακαρίζω	consider happy	⁷μακαριέω	ἐμακάρισα	—	—	—
μετοικίζω	make to move	⁸μετοικιέω	μετῴκισα	—	—	—
παροργίζω	make angry	⁹παροριέω	παρῴρισα	—	—	—
-χέω	pour	¹⁰-χεέω	-ἔχεα	—	—	—

¹Matthew 13:49; ²James 4:8; ³Luke 19:4; ⁴Matthew 12:21 and Romans 15:12; ⁵Hebrews 9:14; ⁶1Peter 5:4; ⁷Luke 1:48; ⁸Acts 7:43; ⁹Romans 10:19; ¹⁰Acts 2:17 and 18.

 

C8.89 In some manuscripts, the Attic future is also found for: γνωρίζω (Colossians 4:9), καταρτίζω (l Peter 5: 10), φωτίζω (Revelation 22:5), and χρονίζω (Hebrews 10:37).

 

C8.9 OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS

 

C8.91 (a) SYLLABIC (ATTIC) REDUPLICATION: The term "Attic reduplication" is sometimes applied to verbs beginning with a vowel which reduplicate their first syllable [though, like the Attic Future (#C8.85), "The Attic reduplication (so called by the Greek grammarians) is not peculiarly Attic, and is found in Homer" (Goodwin §530, p.127)). When a verb commences with a vowel, then in the perfect instead of reduplicating the initial phoneme it usually takes the temporal augment on that vowel (see #E4.36). Syllabic reduplication consists, in addition, of reduplicating the initial vowel and first consonant, while still lengthening the original initial vowel with the temporal augment. These verbs retain their syllabic reduplication, including the temporal augment, in their non-indicative modes. Thus the perfect of ἀκούω is ἀκήκοα, and its perfect participle ἀκηκοώς, ἀκηκοότος. There are eight New Testament verbs (two of them suppletive verbs) which have this syllabic reduplication in the perfect tense (see #E4.38).

 

(b)       It is also possible to find syllabic reduplication in the aorist. In these verbs, the temporal augment will be taken on the first vowel of the reduplicated form, and as it is here a past time morph this augment will only occur in the indicative mode. There are only two such verbs which occur in the New Testament, both having a second aorist: ἄγω, ἤγαγον (infinitive: ἀγαγεῖν); and the suppletive φέρω, ἤνεγκον (infinitive: ἐνεγκεῖν). (See further, #E4.27.)

 

C8.92 Some verbs may take (either as a general rule, or as a stylistic preference of particular authors) a sigma before the suffix of the perfect middle/passive and/or aorist passive: for example, κλείω has κέκλεισμαι instead of κέκλειμαι, and ἐκλείσθην instead of ἐκλείθην. Similarly in the future passive of γινώσκω we find γνωσθήσεται instead of γνωθήσεται (1 Corinthians 14:7). The addition of this sigma produces an allomorphic variant of the lexal. (Re allomorphs: see #E3.3.) The presence of this sigma would not affect the recognisability of such forms, and so it has not been judged necessary to list verbs of this kind.

 

C8.93 Some writers sometimes use rare or archaic or unusual forms of particular verbs (for example, ἔγημα a variant aorist form of γαμέω, found three times in the New Testament as an alternative to the regular aorist, ἐγάμησα). Where such irregular forms are the only ones that occur in the New Testament, they have been covered in this Appendix. Where they are stylistic variants of the regular or usual forms, they are usually not included in this Appendix, but are regarded as a matter for discussion in commentaries on the Greek text.

 

C8.94 It happened on occasions that a new present tense was formed from an aorist or a perfect form. Thus the perfect of ἵστημι is ἕστηκα, and a new present flexion was formed to correspond with this perfect: στήκω. This new form of the verb was then used in the present and imperfect flexions.

 

C8.95 Apart from the abovementioned cases, all the verbs which are irregular in the New Testament are dealt with in this Appendix. A number of verbs which exhibit more than one irregularity are referred to in relation to each irregular feature. To find a particular verb, look it up in the Greek Index (#G3.6, Appendix G), which gives the cross reference(s) to the place(s) where that verb is described and/or its Principal Parts are set out.

 

C9. VERB GROUPS FOR NEW TESTAMENT VERBS

 

C9.1 It will be of interest to see the relative numbers of New Testament verbs in the different verb groups (classified according to stem and conjugation).

 

C9.2 The figure that is given for the number of verbs in the New Testament will vary depending upon the New Testament text that is used and how verbs are counted and classified. The text used here is that of the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, Third and Fourth Editions. This summary treats compound verbs as being, morphologically, forms of the simplex verb, and does not count them separately unless the simplex form is unused and the compounds are unrelated in their usage. Where separate and distinct forms of a verb are found in the New Testament belonging to different conjugations (for example, ἱστάνω and ἵστημι) or to different subgroups within the one conjugation (for example, -χέω and -χύννω), the two verbs are treated separately and each is counted in its appropriate group. Verbs are listed as Second or Third Conjugation if (and only if) such a form occurs in the New Testament, and under First Conjugation otherwise (even if Second or Third Conjugation forms are found outside the New Testament).

 

C9.3 Using this basis for classification, there will be found to be one thousand verbs in the Greek New Testament, distributed into verb groups as follows:

 

CONS.	LABIALS			PALATALS					DENTALS			LIQUIDS								Cons.
STEMS	πτ	ΤΛ	Sub	ζ	σκ	σσ	ΤΛ	Sub	ζ	ΤΛ	Sub	λ	μ	ν	+ν	ρ	Sub	σ	ϝ	Total
1stConj.	18	19	37	5	15	24	21	65	206	17	223	16	4	40	10	14	84	—	9	418
2ndConj.	1	3	4	1	3	—	10	14	—	7	7	4	3	1	—	—	8	—	—	33
3rdConj.	—	—	—	—	—	—	6	6	—	—	—	1	1	—	—	—	2	2	—	10

 

											SHORT
VOWEL	LONG VOWEL STEMS										VOWEL				Vowel	No	Cons.
STEMS	ι	υ	ω	αι	ει	οι	αυ	ευ	ου	Sub	α	ε	ο	Sub	Total	Pres.	Total	TOTAL
lstConj.	4	21	—	2	2	1	3	70	2	105	78	235	91	404	509	3	418	930
2ndConj.	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	1	(7)	33	34
3rdConj.	1	2	3	—	1	—	—	—	—	7	12	5	2	19	26	—	10	36

Cons. = Consonant. ΤΛ= Τὰ Λοιπά, the remainder (of the category). Sub = Subtotal (of that category). +ν = words with ν added to stem. No Pres. = No Present Stem.