APPENDIX C

 

CONJUGATION

 

C1.8 ORAL LIQUID VERBS; C1.9 NASAL LIQUID VERBS

 

C1.81 The verb stem (root) of a liquid verb is often somewhat disguised in the present and aorist tenses by the addition of other morphs (including infixes); it can be seen most clearly in the future tense, by deleting the future morph and pronoun ending from the flexion form for the future.

 

C1.82 The general rule for obtaining the Principal Parts of a liquid verb is:

 

(a) The future is formed from the verb stem by adding -ε- as the future morph instead of -σ-

(b) The aorist is formed by adding the augment ἐ- and the punctiliar morph -α- to the verb stem;

(c) The perfect forms are obtained by adding the reduplication and -κα- and -μαι respectively for active and middle flexions, but -ν- changes to -γ (enga¹¹) before -κα-, and to -μ- (occasionally to -σ-) before -μαι.

 

C1.83 Where the verb stem ends in a single vowel plus -λ the -λ doubles in the present stem. There are twelve New Testament verbs with stems in -λ (nine of the First Conjugation, three of the Second Conjugation) which conform to this rule. The rule does not apply to the one New Testament verb with a stem in a diphthong plus -λ (nor the five irregular –λ verbs in #C1.88).

 

These thirteen verbs are:

FIRST CONJUGATION:			SECOND CONJUGATION:
Stem	Present	Meaning	Stem	Present	Meaning
ἀγγελ-	ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀναθαλ-	ἀναθάλλω	revive
ἁλ-	ἅλλομαι	leap	βαλ-	βάλλω	throw
ἀνατελ-	ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἐφαλ-	ἐφάλλομαι	jump on
ἐντελ-	ἐντέλλομαι	command
ἐπικελ-	έπικέλλω	run aground
σκυλ-	σκύλλω	trouble
στελ-	στέλλω	send	DIPHTHONG -λ STEM
τιλ-	τίλλω	pluck
ψαλ-	ψάλλω	sing	ὀφειλ-	ὀφείλω	owe

 

One verb, of the First Conjugation - θέλω, "wish" - does not conform to this rule but retains the single -λ, and the unrelated verbs μέλλω, "intend", and μέλω, "concern", retain their double lambda and single lambda stems respectively outside of the durative.

 

C1.84 Where the lexical form of a verb ends in -αιρ-, -ειρ-, -αιν-, or -ειν-, plus -ar, the verb has inserted -ι- before the liquid in forming the present stem, and the verb stem lacks this -ι- (that is to say, this -ι- is a durative infix). There arc 27 New Testament verbs in this category eight with stems in -ρ, and nineteen with stems in -ν. They are:

 

VERB STEMS IN -ρ			VERB STEMS IN -ν
Stem	Present	Meaning	Stem	Present	Meaning
ἀρ-	αἴρω	take up	ἀποκτεν-	ἀποκτείνω	kill
ἐγερ-	ἐγείρω	raise	βασκαν-	βασκαίνω	bewitch
καθαρ-	καθαίρω	clean	εὐφραν-	εὐφραίνω	make glad
κερ-	κείρω	shear	θερμαν-	θερμαίνομαι	warm
περιπερ-	περιπείρω	pierce	λευκαν-	λευκαίνω	whiten
σπερ-	σπείρω	sow	λυμαν-	λυμαίνομαι	harass
φθερ-	φθείρω	ruin	μαν-	μαίνομαι	be insane
χαρ-	χαίρω	rejoice	μαραν-	μαραίνω	wither away
			μιαν-	μιαίνω	defile
			μωραν-	μωραίνω	make foolish
			ξηραν-	ξηραίνω	dry up
			πικραν-	πικραίνω	make bitter
			ποιμαν-	ποιμαίνω	shepherd
			ῥυπαν-	ῥυπαίνομαι	be impure
			σαν-	σαίνομαι	be disturbed
			σημαν-	σημαίνω	indicate
			-τεν-	-τείνω	stretch
			ὑγιαν-	ὑγιαίνω	be healthy
			φαν-	φαίνω	shine/appear

 

Two verbs in -ερ and one in -εν do not add -ι- in forming the present stem:

δερ-	δέρω	thrash	μεν-	μένω	remain
φερ-	φέρω	carry

 

C1.85 Where the verb stem ends in -ε- plus -ρ, -λ, or -ν then:

 

(a) That verb always forms its aorist active from the verb stem by adding -ι- before the liquid as well as -α- after it. In these aorist flexions, what has happened is that when the punctiliar morph -σα- is added to the liquid in forming the tense stem, the -σ- slides off the liquid, and in compensation for the loss of the sigma, a stem letter, the -ε- in the root becomes -ει- by compensatory lengthening (#Ε2.43).

(b) Where the stem is a monosyllable (not counting the preposition in compound forms), it forms its perfect and its aorist passive flexions from the verb stem by changing the -ε- to -α- (see Paradigm Cl.8b: of the nine -ε- monosyllabic oral liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New Testament, only six have forms occurring in the perfect and/or aorist passive in the New Testament or related literature [ἀνατέλλω, δέρω, ἐντέλλομαι, σπείρω, στέλλω, φθείρω]; and see also Paradigm C1.9b: of the six monosyllabic nasal liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New Testament, only one [ἀποκτείνω] occurs in the perfect and/or aorist passive and has -ε- as its stem vowel).

(c) Where the stem is polysyllabic it retains the -ε- throughout all its flexions (see Paradigms

C1.8a and C1.9a: of the four verbs which follow C1.8a, only two [ἀγγέλλω and ἐγείρω] have stems in -ε-, and none of the twenty-seven verbs of C1.9a have stems in -ε-). The vowel change from -ε- to -α- is the only difference between the Paradigms C1.8a and C1.8b, and between C1.9a and C1.9b. (The Principal Parts for these seven verbs which are used in the New Testament are set out in #C8.61.)

 

C1.86 Where the verb stem ends in -ιν, the -ν- is dropped before the endings of the perfect and of the aorist passive. The three New Testament verbs which have stems in -ιν are κλίνω, κρίνω, and ὠδίνω.

 

C1.87 Verbs with stems in -ν add -θην to form the aorist passive (exception: φαίνω, which adds -ην, that is, has a direct flexion); while verbs with stems in oral liquids (-λ and -ρ) add -ην (that is, have direct flexion aorist passives; exceptions: αἴρω and ἐγείρω, which take -θην. Verbs with direct flexions are discussed in #C4.

 

C1.88 Nine liquid verbs in the New Testament add -ε- to their stem in forming the future or the perfect, and then function as if they were -ε- stem verbs like λαλέω (lengthening the -ε- to -η-before suffixes, as per #E2.31). Of these nine verbs, seven add -ε- to the stem in forming the future, then -σ-, in effect taking a double future morph. These seven verbs are:

 

ἀπόλλυμι	destroy		ἀπώλεσα	ἀπόλωλα	—	—
βούλομαι	want	βουλήσομαι	—	—	βεβούλημαι	ἐβουλήθην
γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	ἐγενόμην	γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
θέλω	wish	θελήσω	ἠθέλησα	—	—	—
μέλλω	intend	μελλήσω	(ἐμέλλησα)	—	—	—
μέλω	concern	-μελήσω	—	—	—	-ἐμελήθην
οἰκτίρω	compassion	οἰκτιρήσω	—	—	—	—

 

The other two verbs add -ε- to the stem in forming their perfect and their aorist passive. They are:

διανέμω	spread	(διανεμέω)	(διένειμα)	(διανενέμηκα)	(διανενέμημαι)	διανεμήθην
μένω	remain	μενέω	ἔμεινα	μεμένηκα	—	—

 

Actually, one of these nine verbs is Second Conjugation (γίνομαι, which can be seen to have second aorist forms), and one is Third Conjugation (ἀπόλλυμι), but it is convenient to include them here with those of the First Conjugation with which they share in common the addition of the -ε-.

 

C1.89 The following Synopsis is a complete listing of the 79 liquid verbs of the First and Second Conjugations found in the New Testament, and gives their Principal Parts (see #9.6). Second Conjugation forms are marked ² against the second aorist Principal Part; direct flexions are marked † against the Principal Part. As a general rule, only those Principal Parts are given from which forms found in the New Testament are derived; but forms not found in the New Testament are included where it assists in some way to have this information (e.g. in seeing how another part is derived, and/or these forms may occur in other Greek writings). A hyphen in front of a form (e.g., -τείνω) indicates that this is the simplex form of the verb, but that it is only found in the New Testament in compounds.

 

ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελέω	ἤγγειλα	ἤγγελκα	ἤγγελμαι	†ἠγγέλην
αἴρω	take up	ἀρέω	ἦρα	ἦκα	ἦρμαι	ἤρθην
αἰσχύνομαι	be ashamed	αἰσχυνθήσομαι	—	—	ᾐσχύμμαι	ᾐσχύνθην
ἅλλομαι	leap	ἁλέομαι	ἡλάμην	—	—	—
ἀμύνομαι	help	ἀμυνέομαι	ἠμυνάμην	—	—	—
ἀναθάλλω	revive	ἀναθαλέω	²ἀνέθαλον	—	—	—
ἀνατέλλω	rise	ἀνατελέω	ἀνέτειλα	ἀνατέταλκα	ἀνατέταλμαι	—
ἀποκτείνω	kill	ἀποκτενέω	ἀπέκτεινα	—	—	ἀπεκτάνθην
ἀπονέμω	render	ἀπονεμέω	ἀπένειμα	—	—	—
βαθύνω	go deep	βαθυνέω	ἐβάθυνα	—	—	—
βάλλω	throw	βαλέω	²ἔβαλον	βέβληκα	βέβλημαι	ἐβλήθην
βασκαίνω	bewitch	βασκανέω	ἐβάσκανα	—	—	—
βούλομαι	want	βουλήσομαι	—	—	βεβούλημαι	ἐβουλήθην
βραδύνω	be delayed	βραδυνέω	ἐβράδυνα	—	—	—
γέμω	be full	—	—	—	—	—
γίνομαι	become	γενήσομαι	²ἐγενόμην	†γέγονα	γεγένημαι	ἐγενήθην
δέρω	thrash	δερέω	ἔδειρα	—	δέδαρμαι	†ἐδάρην
διανέμω	spread	διανεμέω	διένειμα	διανενέμηκα	διανενέμημαι	διενεμήθην
ἐγείρω	raise	ἐγερέω	ἤγειρα	ἐγήγερκα	ἐγήγερμαι	ἠγέρθην
ἐντέλλομαι	command	ἐντελέομαι	ἐνετειλάμην	—	ἐντέταλμαι	—
ἐπικέλλω	run aground	ἐπικελέω	ἐπέκειλα	—	—	—
εὐθύνω	make straight	εὐθυνέω	εὔθυνα	—	—	—
εὐφραίνω	make glad	εὐφρανέω	εὔφρανα	—	—	ηὐφράνθην
ἐφάλλομαι	jump on	ἐφαλέομαι	²ἐφαλόμην	—	—
θέλω	wish	θελήσω	ἠθέλησα	—	—	ἠθελήθην
θερμαίνω	warm	θερμανέω	—	—	—	—
καθαίρω	clean	καθαρέω	ἐκάθαρα	—	κεκάθαρμαι	—
καταβαρύνω	weigh down	καταβαρυνέω	κατεβάρυνα	—	—	—
κείρω	shear	κερέω	ἔκειρα	—	—	—
κλίνω	incline	κλινέω	ἔκλινα	κέκλικα	κέκλιμαι	ἐκλίθην
κρίνω	judge	κρινέω	ἔκρινα	κέκρικα	κέκριμαι	ἐκρίθην
λευκαίνω	whiten	λευκανέω	ἐλεύκανα	—	—	—
λυμαίνομαι	harass	λυμανέομαι	ἐλυμανάμην	—	—	—
μαίνομαι	be insane	μανέομαι	ἐμανάμην	μέμηνα	μεμάνημαι	ἐμάνην
μαραίνω	wither away	μαρανέω	ἐμάρανα	—	μεμάρομμαι	ἐμαράνθην
μαρτύρομαι	testify	μαρτυρέομαι	ἐμαρτυράμην	—	—	—
μεγαλύνω	magnify	μεγαλυνέω	ἐμεγάλυνα	—	—	ἐμεγαλύνθην
μέλλω	intend	μελλήσω	(ἠμέλλησα)	—	—
(μέλω) μέλει	concern	-μελήσω	ἐμέλησα	—	—	ἐμελήθην
μένω	remain	μενέω	ἔμεινα		—	—
μεταμέλομαι	regret	μεταμελήσομαι	—	—	—	μετεμελήθην
μηκύνω	grow	μηκυνέω	—	—	—	—
μιαίνω	defile	μιανέω	ἐμίανα	μεμίαγκα	μεμίαμμαι	ἐμιάνθην
μολύνω	defile	μολυνέω	μεμόλυγκα	μεμόλυμμαι	μεμόλυμμαι	ἐμολύνθην
μωραίνω	make foolish	μωρανέω	—	—	—	ἐμωράνθην
ξηραίνω	dry up	ξηρανέω	ἐξήρανα	ἐξήραγκα	ἐξήραμμαι	ἐξηράνθην
οἰκτίρω	compassion	οἰκτιρήσω	—	—	—	—
ὁμείρομαι	yearn for	—	—	—	—	—
ὀφείλω	owe	—	²ὤφελον	—	—	—
παροξύνω	provoke	παροξυνέω	παρώξυνα	—	—	παρωξύνθην
παροτρύνω	incite	παροτρυνέω	παρώτρυνα	—	—
παχύνω	grow dull	—	—	—	—	ἐπαχύνθην
περιπείρω	pierce through	—	περιέπειρα	—	—	—
πικραίνω	make bitter	πικρανέω	ἐπίκρανα	—	—	ἐπικράνθην
πλατύνω	enlarge	πλατυνέω	ἐπλάτυνα	—	πεπλάτυμμαι	ἐπλατύνθην
πληθύνω	increase	πληθυνέω	ἐπλήθυνα	—	—	ἐπληθύνθην
πλύνω	wash	πλυνέω	ἔπλυνα	—	—	ἐπλύνθην
ποιμαίνω	shepherd	ποιμανέω	ἐποίμανα	—	—	—
πτύρω	frighten	πτυρέω	—	—	—	—
ῥαίνω	sprinkle	ῥανέω	ἔρρανα	—	ἔρραμμαι	ἐρράνθην
ῥυπαίνομαι	be impure	ῥυπανέομαι	—	—	—	ἐρρυπάνθην
σαίνομαι	be disturbed	—	—	—	—	—
σημαίνω	indicate	σημανέω	ἐσήμανα	—	—	ἐσημάνθην
σκληρύνω	harden	σκληρυνέω	ἐσκλήρυνα	—	—	ἐσκληρύνθην
σκύλλω	trouble	σκυλέω	ἔσκυλα	—	ἔσκυλμαι	—
σπείρω	sow	σπερέω	ἔσπειρα	ἔσπαρκα	ἔσπαρμαι	†ἐσπάρην
στέλλω	send	στελέω	ἔστειλα	ἔσταλκα	ἔσταλμαι	†ἐστάλην
σύρω	drag	συρέω	ἔσυρα	σέσυρκα	σέσυρμαι	†ἐσύρην
-τείνω	stretch	-τενέω	-έτεινα	—	—	—
-τέμνω	cut	-τεμέω	²-έτεμον	-τέτηκα	-τέτμημαι	-ετμήθην
τίλλω	pluck	τιλέω	ἔτιλα	—	—	—
τρέμω	tremble	—	—	—	—	—
ὑγιαίνω	be heathy	ὑγιανέω	ὑγίανα	—	—	—
φαίνω	shine/appear	φανέομαι	ἔφανα	—	—	†ἐφάνην
φέρω	carry	—	—	—	—	—
φθείρω	ruin	φθερέω	ἔφθειρα	ἔφθαρκα	ἔφθαρμαι	†ἐφθάρην
χαίρω	rejoice	χαρήσομαι	—	—	—	†ἐχάρην
ψάλλω	sing	ψαλέω	—	—	—	—
ὠδίνω	be in pain	ὡδινέω	—	—	—	—

 

This list contains only two verbs with -μ stems which are used in the New Testament outside the present/imperfect tense system (διανέμω and -τέμνω, in the compound περιτέμνω, "circumcise"). That is, all other verbs with -μ stems occur in the New Testament only with forms of the present stem.

 

The future forms are all given in this table in their uncontracted form with -ε-; but NOTE that they always contract in use, according to the normal rules of contraction (see Paradigms C1.8 and C1.9, above, for their flexions).